Vanishing Landscape of the Everett Massacre

Introduction

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Everett Massacre Introduction

0:45Felix Bunnell here, producer and host of Unsolved Histories. On this episode, we visit a forgotten and threatened landscape, which is all that remains of a violent and deadly clash in an old mill town on Puget Sound. This gun battle between Union members on a boat and a private army led by a local sheriff on shore should be much better known today, even though it happened more than a century ago. Sometimes these messier stories have a way of slipping through the cracks. They don't necessarily jive with how a city wants to portray itself

1:17to potential visitors and residents in the 21st century. And that's a shame because it's these more challenging moments in our history that have the greatest potential to teach us some important lessons for the present and for the future. As the participants and eyewitnesses pass away and the places morph and change, the stories tend to slowly fade away or disappear completely.

Vanishing Landscape

1:38And now, the vanishing landscape of the Everett massacre. That's one of the things I think a little bit about Everett is after that event happened in 1916. You know, it was talked about, but then also it was not talked about. Neil Anderson is a lifelong resident of Everett, a city on Puget Sound with a long industrial history.

2:10One of his great grandfathers was a mill owner and mayor of Everett more than a hundred years ago, and then later became governor of Washington State. For Neil Anderson, Everett's history is personal. It was a dark day, and I don't know if Everett really came to grips on how to handle that. And for the most part, too, it's, well, how much do we dwell on it? We've got to go to work because that was kind of the, it was a blue-collar town, and there were jobs to do on the waterfront and other places.

Personal Connection to Everett

2:41This dark day took place on November 5th, 1916, not far from where we're standing, overlooking the harbor. So that's, you know, kind of what you did, but he would, he took us over as we walked around the waterfront. One of Neil's grandfathers worked in the lumber industry in Everett from the turn of the century to the 1970s. In the 1950s, he would take Neil and his brother out and about in downtown Everett. He knew a lot of people in the mill business and a lot of people on the Everett waterfront.

3:13He was a super nice guy, well-respected in town. And we would jump in his car, and he would give us the grand tours of Everett. The city the two boys witnessed with their grandfather all those decades ago was like a living museum of the United States in those booming years after World War II. Our favorite place to go was down here at the waterfront. We loved going to watch the trains, like the Empire Builder, come into the old Great Northern Depot, just to our left.

3:44He would take us to construction projects, and he would point out, you know, where the various mills were. And over time, after doing that over and over again, you know, it just kind of sunk in. And he would describe what it was like and all of that. As sepia toned as the Everett that Neil and his brother toured as children in the 1950s sounds today, it was already very different than the Everett their grandfather grew up in nearly a half-century earlier. My brother and I liked to go walk on the dock because you could look down and see all the tugboats tied up.

4:17And he told us that was the site of this gun battle. And I don't know if he called it the Everett Massacre, but we knew something had happened.

Gun Battle at City Dock

4:27Though it's mostly forgotten now, an outburst of deadly violence called the Everett Massacre made November 5th, 1916 the darkest day in the city's history. The one thing I do remember about my grandfather is when he talked about the Everett Massacre, he did kind of quiet down a little bit. On an otherwise quiet Sunday, two small passenger boats, the Verona and the Calista, approached a public pier called City Dog. And the final battle in a short but violent labor war broke out on the Everett waterfront.

5:00When it was over, countless shots had been fired and at least seven men were dead and dozens were wounded. And the city of Everett was shaken to its core. And he just said, we really thought they were going to burn the mills. And no one was really sure what was going to happen. A lot of unknowns. Other than the stories shared by people with a personal connection, like Neil Anderson, and a simple plaque on a boulder alongside a city street,

5:30the Everett Massacre and the complex sequence of events that preceded it are disappearing into history. When I think sometimes of the word powder keg, and if you looked up that word in the dictionary, powder keg, a good example would maybe be a photo of the Verona pulling up to the dock at Everett, because it was a powder keg situation. From KSL Podcasts, I'm Felix Bunnell.

6:00This is Unsolved Histories, the vanishing landscape of the Everett Massacre.

Amateur Historian Insights

6:19Jack O'Donnell is an amateur historian and author who's lived in Everett all his life. Well, Everett was a real mill town at that time, and because there were so many mills, it became highly unionized. And there were a lot of real skilled workers like these shingle weavers, and they were having a strike. Shingle weavers were the skilled laborers who often lost fingers as they turned huge cedar logs into thin slices of wood, creating water-resistant roofing materials used all over the rainy Northwest.

6:50Jack and I are standing on Hewitt Avenue in Everett. From this spot, we have a pretty good view of where City Dock once stood, the public pier where the Everett Massacre took place. Jack is explaining why it took place. They figured that the people should own the mills. They were doing the work. It began with a dispute between labor and management, in a time when violent confrontations between workers and owners, and strikers and the replacement workers called scabs, were common around the United States, but particularly in the Pacific Northwest.

7:24The Northwest, with its mines and lumber camps and sawmills, was fertile ground for local labor unions, and for the national and international union nicknamed the Wobblies. In the meantime, the international workers of the world, IWW, say it fast, it comes out sounding like Wobblies, were in Seattle, and they were wanting to get involved in a lot of these kinds of things. And so they would come up to Everett and get off on the Mosquito Fleet down here and go up to the corner of Hewitt and Wetmore and speak about that kind of thing.

8:05The Mosquito Fleet is the nickname given to the hundreds of small passenger and freight vessels that were once essential to travel on Puget Sound. Before railroads and highways, water was the most convenient thoroughfare connecting all the growing cities on Puget Sound. Bellingham, Everett, Seattle, Tacoma, and Olympia. The corner of Hewitt Avenue and Wetmore Street in downtown Everett was where anyone who wanted could get up and give a speech. It was like a marketplace of ideas and opinions. Hundreds would gather to listen. This was before radio and an era when newspapers didn't necessarily devote much ink to groups and ideas they didn't support.

8:42All that speechifying by the Wobblies in Everett on behalf of the striking shingle weavers, Jack says, began to annoy people. Including the Everett Commercial Club, which was like a chamber of commerce or association of business owners. And then eventually that became a nuisance at least to some in the city and they'd be arrested. A prominent member of the club was former shingle weaver and one-time union supporter Sheriff Don McCray. And that was part of the plan to get arrested and fill up the jail and so on. The Wobblies had attempted something similar in Spokane in 1909 when that city passed an ordinance to stop union members from meeting and speaking in public.

9:20So many IWW members from around the northwest flooded into Spokane and got arrested that there wasn't room in the Spokane jail for violent criminals. The city repealed the ordinance and the Wobblies declared victory. In Everett during the shingle weaver strike in the summer of 1916, Sheriff McCray created a private extra-legal army. Rather than arresting those who spoke out, union members and others were beaten and humiliated and violently kicked out of town. On October 30th, a group of 41 Wobblies from Seattle went to Everett by boat with the goal of speaking at Hewitt and Wetmore and getting arrested.

9:59Just like what had happened in Spokane in 1909. But Sheriff McCray and his private army didn't arrest the men. They ran them out of town on the interurban that connected the two cities. Before the men were ran out of town, they were marched to a place south of Everett called Beverly Park. There they were brutally beaten and violently abused by Sheriff McCray and his private army, dislocating bones, knocking out teeth, and savagely kicking testicles and internal organs. All 41 men survived.

10:30Some walked back to Seattle, or as Jack O'Donnell says, some took the interurban. That's the name for the old passenger rail service that once connected Everett and Seattle. Many cities in the U.S. had similar systems that thrived briefly in the early 20th century, before highways were built and cars took over. Back in Seattle, word about what had happened spread. The IWW put the call out for 2,000 men to take the battle back to Everett the following Sunday. When Sunday came, an estimated 300 men gathered and boarded the Verona and the Calista and headed north on Puget Sound.

11:07Spirits were reportedly high, with the men singing hymns and union songs, like Hold the Fort. The Wobblies came back then in two boats on November 5th, 1916, to kind of settle the score. Well, Everettites were scared to death. The Sheriff Don McCray deputized citizens with the help of all the mill owners, because they thought these people were going to burn down their mills.

11:38Let's walk over and get a better view of City Dock. Let's just go down here, down the brick pathway. So these deputies, they would have been walking down Hewitt, which we're doing right now. They were actually, yes, they would have done that to get here. And then they were on the dock and on adjoining areas down here, because there was a dock on either side as well. And they were ready for this. The brick pathway where Jack and I are walking, where I suggested we go to get a better view of the site of the massacre,

12:08is an incredible artifact in something of an unintentional and underappreciated time capsule. It remains unchanged more than a century after that violent Sunday, and offers the best view around of where City Dock used to be. This white building straight in front of us would have been on it. And, but it was, it was more, there were buildings right along next to the track, both sides too. And then that went into, it went out on the dock that spread out and there were a couple buildings on it.

12:42The pathway is actually an old two-lane roadbed. The roadway, which has been closed to vehicle traffic for many years, goes under an old railroad overpass built in 1910 by the Great Northern Railway and still in use. Unlike modern roads made of asphalt or concrete, the surface is made of red brick and looks like something from another time and place. It was once part of Hewitt Avenue, the main street that ran directly from downtown Everett, under the main line of the Great Northern Railway and down onto what was called City Dock.

13:13Everett's front porch for people and goods coming and going via Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean. I mean, the city tripled from 1900 to 1910 to a little under 8,000 to almost 25,000. And that was all because of the mills. So people were coming to Everett. And when they came to Everett, they likely came on the Mosquito Fleet out here or the Great Northern Railroad right behind Depot. Yeah, it's no exaggeration to say like this is the main thoroughfare in and out of Everett

13:44because you have the Everett Depot there just like literally contiguous to where we're standing. And you have this main big wide thoroughfare for pedestrians and vehicles going right to City Dock, which is where you come and go. I mean, this is it. This is like the freeway. This is all kind of combined in one spot. That is exactly it. I'm even more excited about this spot than I was before I came and talked to you. I was already kind of feeling kind of rabid and kind of frothing about how cool this is as a viewscape and landscape. But now, I mean, I'm really way more excited than it was an hour ago. From where we're standing, up against a fence that keeps vehicles and foot traffic from using the old roadway,

14:18we can see a few hundred yards to the spot where City Dock once stood. City Dock, as Jack O'Donnell knows, was ground zero on November 5th, 1916. When the Verona, the first of the two vessels came in, they said, you can't disembark here. And they said, the hell we can't. What Jack is describing is a shouting match that took place as the Verona – remember, that's one of the two Mosquito Fleet vessels, a small passenger steamer –

14:51arrived at City Dock in Everett. It was carrying an unknown number of angry wobblies, hell-bent on revenge for what had happened at Beverly Park. It was the Verona that docked while the Callista stayed offshore. We know what was said thanks to oral histories, recorded decades ago with men who were on the dock and preserved by the Everett Public Library. We sang all the way. Eventually, after I related, they discharged a couple of passengers at Mucklesfield,

15:24and we proceeded on to Everett. This is the voice of Jack Leonard Miller. The audio quality isn't great, but it's worth making the effort to hear what Miller says in his own voice. On November 5th, 1916, he was aboard the Verona with the other wobblies. We came to Everett. The boat pulled up to the dock, making a port landing. On the old tape, Miller describes how Sheriff Don McRae was waiting for the boats to arrive, standing on shore near City Dock.

15:54There's confusion and different versions of exactly what happened next. And Don McRae appeared in the dock. Now, don't ask me which hand he held up in the air, but he held one hand up in the air. I saw this. He had one hand up in the air, and I heard his words. Who's your leaders? Again, that's what Miller says Sheriff McRae called out to the men, the Wobblies, members of the Industrial Workers of the World, or IWW,

16:24on board the Verona. Miller says that it was Sheriff McRae's choice of words that contributed to the violence that was about to erupt. Had we landed, and had there been any disorder whatever,

17:00we might have had ground to rush on the charge of disorderly conduct. But he was presuming that a crime, that a violation was about to take place. And on that presumption, he turned, hands still in the air, and faced the dock. Miller says that when Sheriff McRae turned to face the dock, that is, away from the boat and toward the land,

17:31where all the other law enforcement officers and citizen deputies stood, with one hand in the air, it looked like he was about to give a signal to those armed men on shore. Like someone about to shout, ready, set, go, at an old foot race. Now don't ask me which hand, because at the trial he was given more hands, and the centipede has feet. No one ever could make an agree on which hand he held near. Whichever hand McRae held high as he turned toward the dock may not really have mattered.

18:01Looking, and listening back, the violence that day seems like it was unavoidable. But I do remember his hand at his waist. And I do remember seeing a gun in the holster there. Now whether it was behind his hands, or on the side of his hand, where he could draw it easily, I don't know. I am not certain. But there was that. And immediately, as though that were a signal, first a single shot was fired.

18:34And within the time it takes a breath, a volley came from the dock. Still, Miller's oral history account puts the blame for the eruption of violence not on the boat full of wobblies intent on attacking Everett, but on law enforcement who were there to repel the mob. And while it's debatable who pulled the trigger first, by the time the last shot was fired, at least seven men were dead. I say at least, because along with unanswered questions about how the gun battle started,

19:07there's also legend and myth surrounding the death toll. This is historian Jack O'Donnell. At some point, a shot was fired because both sides were armed, and five wobblies died for sure. But there's some speculation that there were others that died that were tied to rocks and whatnot and went in Port Gardner Bay. Port Gardner Bay is another name for Everett Harbor. When the shooting broke out, men aboard the Verona rushed to one side of the boat,

19:40causing it to tip and rock and tossing several men into the water, some of whom it's believed may have drowned. As Jack says, there's also the rumors that, somehow, the bodies of other uncounted victims were waded and dumped into the water. The Everett Library's website says that as many as twelve wobblies may have died. But speculation beyond the official count of five is just that. Speculation. We know the names of the five. They are Felix Baran, Hugo Girleau, Gustave Johnson, John Looney, and Abraham Rabinowitz.

20:17Graphic images of the corpses of the men, all of whom were in their teens or twenties, appear in a book about the Everett massacre published by the IWW in 1918. No evidence has ever turned up to support the speculation that others also died. And no specific names have ever been listed of men who were missing after the violence and after the Verona and Calista returned to Seattle. Still, this notion has persisted for more than a century. And it wasn't just wobblies who died that day.

20:47Some of the men on the Verona and Calista were armed, too, and they fired toward shore. This is Jack O'Donnell again. Two people on shore died. One was a deputy sheriff, Beard, whose family was later prominent, had a shoe store here. So it became a real wound in Everett. And it was one of those things that people in the city would not speak about for years. And the people who lived here were very defensive.

21:17The other man who died on shore was also a deputy sheriff. His name was Charles Curtis. The two deputies aren't exactly forgotten. But some historians believe they may have died from bullets fired mistakenly by other deputies. Either way, the two men tend to get lost in the mythology of the Everett massacre. In fact, when I did an earlier version of this story on the radio in Seattle a few years ago, I failed to focus much on Curtis and Beard. Not long after the broadcast, I got an email from a listener.

21:48There have been three line-of-duty deaths in the history of the Snohomish County Sheriff's Office. This is a voice actor. Two of whom died on the day and during the event in question. Deputies Jefferson F. Beard and Charles O. Curtis had been deputized and were shot and killed during these events. If we're talking about local historical events, I feel like this should at least be mentioned. It was a critical but thoughtful message. And it proves that the Everett massacre still echoes in history and that, at least among those who think about these kinds of things, it's still discussed and debated.

22:21As Jack O'Donnell explains, at the root of the bloody conflict was a two-sided debate. On one side, public safety and law enforcement standing up a private army and using violence to silence labor unions, quashing free speech in the name of protecting citizens and property. And, of course, the other side of it was that we're up here for free speech. So it's, you know, it's some shade of gray who is right. I know today if people in Everett heard that two boatloads of what they considered anarchists or thugs were coming up to Everett, it would be a fear moment.

23:01On the other hand, these people, you know, had been beaten, chased out of town before. So it's, there's right and wrong on both sides.

Harbor Tour

23:22Thanks for coming tonight and welcome aboard. My name is Kate Anderson and I work for the Port of Everett and the public affairs team. On a breezy late summer evening, a free harbor tour sponsored by the Port of Everett leaves from a dock in a public park on the north end of the waterfront. Me and Alan White, who works with Historic Everett, will be giving our tour tonight. We love questions, so please ask us any questions. There's lots to see and snap pictures of along the Everett waterfront. Big sailboats, historic buildings, the sun reflecting off the water with the Olympic Mountains to the west.

23:56And on this tour, there are also things to not take pictures of. One quick thing to note, when we go towards the Navy base and we round the corner, please just don't take any pictures of the Navy. We are really good partners and neighbors to the Navy and we get permission to do this every time we take a harbor tour. This scenic cruise is heavy on Everett history. The narration could be viewed as something of an indicator of how much the city is still confronting the history of the massacre, or at least still processing what it means more than a hundred years later.

24:29First mention comes around the halfway point. But as we flip around, we're going to talk a little bit about the Everett Massacre. The Port of Everett's Kate Anderson gives the lay of the land, as seen from the water side, on part of the same route taken by the Verona as it approached City Dock back in 1916. So those two big piers we're going to go by, that's Piers 1 and 3, and there used to be a pier in the middle called Pier 2, so we'll point that out. But that was the site of the infamous Everett Massacre, and it used to actually be called the City Dock,

25:01so you'll hear a few different names for it, but Alan's going to give you much more detail about that. Alan is Alan White, a volunteer tour guide with a community group called Historic Everett. So now we're coming up in that area that we spoke about for the Everett Massacre. It was on this dock, straight down, if you came down here and just drove straight out, there was a big dock right there. And that's where the situation occurred. Perhaps not surprisingly, the view from the tour boat gives a different perspective on the violence,

25:34what Alan called the situation a moment ago, than is possible to get from shore. As we motor eastward, it's easy to imagine being an angry wobbly aboard the Verona approaching City Dock. On the tour boat, which is roughly the same size as the Verona, it feels exposed and insignificant and vulnerable, compared to whatever repelling force may have been waiting for the Wopleys on shore, and which the men on the boats knew would be there. The shingle weavers were often at odds with the mill owners, and the friction between them was the root of a socio-economic class war that characterized the community.

26:12And that was often the case with labor and mill owners. After telling the full story of the massacre, Alan then reflects on the bigger meaning. It was kind of a black eye on Everett, but it's something that occurred, and for a long time it wasn't even talked about. It wasn't taught in schools, but finally a book was written that shared a lot of the details. It's just something that we have to own as a city and a port, and we moved on to become a great community.

26:48The book with the details is called Milltown by Norman Clark. It was published almost 60 years ago and is still in print, though how widely read it is these days is anybody's guess. I catch up with Alan after the boat has docked and the other passengers have disembarked. So the notion that there were other, other than the seven who died, the two on shore and the five. Yeah. Is that urban legend or is there, I mean, why weren't those bodies recovered? For most of my ability to understand, I had heard that some bodies had washed ashore.

27:19But, you know, again, that could be urban legend. But the problem was is they were coming from Seattle and, you know, coming in on the boat. So, you know, they weren't necessarily accounted for. Because for the Wobblies to say, like, yeah, okay, five guys might have been accounted for, but way more died on the ship. Yeah, yeah. And that sort of, that could be viewed as propaganda guising in their favor. Right. You would think that they would want that publicized, that that occurred. There's a lot of speculation. After more than a hundred years, any evidence of additional deaths would be hard to come by in the waters of Port Gardner Bay or on land.

27:55So speculation may be all that there ever can be about the total number killed. Unprompted, Allen shares his belief that the first shots were fired from shore. That is, by Sheriff McRae and the deputies. My impressions are, is that it probably came from dockside, the first shots. Because a lot of those guys were deputized nearly on the spot. So, I mean, that's speculation on my side. But, you know, they were probably ready to go.

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Aftermath and Legacy

29:02No charges were ever filed in the deaths of the Wobblies in the Everett Massacre. There was never even a coroner's inquest. However, more than 70 Wobblies were jailed for the murder of the deputies. One of them, Thomas Tracy, faced trial for the death of Deputy Curtis. Prosecutors struggled to present compelling evidence, and Tracy was acquitted. A few days later, all the other Wobblies were set free.

29:32Meanwhile, the shingle weaver strike faded away. American entry into World War I in 1917, just six months after the massacre, and rapid modernization of the timber industry meant that the old tensions that had led to the strike in the first place were pretty much gone by the early 1920s. City dock, site of the Everett Massacre, is also long gone. It was torn down in the 1960s. These tangible and intangible changes are why the red brick road and railroad overpass in downtown Everett,

30:03that unintentional time capsule we visited earlier, is such a historic and priceless landscape. It was at that spot where Neil Anderson stood and described in detail the work and life of a shingle weaver. Skilled laborers, hard-working guys doing one of the most dangerous jobs in the lumber industry, whose 1916 strike was at the root of what became the Everett Massacre. Why are they called shingle weavers? You know, I thought you were going to ask that question. Basically, the shingle weavers, as they were cutting the blocks of cedar,

30:42and cutting them into very narrow pieces for shingles to go on a roof, western red cedar shingles, as they cut the blocks and as they were getting ready to pack them or as they were packing them, the hand movement between picking up the shingle and then packing it, it was a flowing movement of their hands and arms as they did this process. And it appeared they were weaving.

31:12And so that's kind of how the term came up. Anderson says there was a gruesome reality to being a shingle weaver, and the evidence was often on public display decades after technology had made the job obsolete. And it was kind of also maybe in this process is where the shingle weavers would lose a finger or maybe a hand. You know, it was very easy to do that in a shingle mill. And one thing I do remember as a kid, so many are gone or have died,

31:44but you'd see elderly men walking around town. They were always missing fingers. Wow. And so you could tell, oh, this guy worked in a shingle mill. And that term shingle weaver makes it sound almost like artisanal in a way. Yes. More than just like, you know, shingle cutters or makers. Yeah. It has kind of an old world feel to it. Yeah. It was a very special type of person that could do that. And it was long hours and terrible conditions, which kind of led then to the events of 1916.

32:21Complex stories from the past are often easier to tell when some part of the landscape where the story took place still exists. I've been fortunate enough to spend time exploring a lot of places where history happened. Places like Gettysburg, Pearl Harbor, Omaha Beach, Hiroshima, and Dealey Plaza. My grasp of those stories is far greater from having been there in person and experienced the landscape. Walked around and measured the distances with my own feet and viewed the setting with my own eyes.

32:51The same is true for the brick road and railroad overpass in Everett. With the core of the story so unsettled and unresolved, who fired first, how many actually died, no charges in the wobbly deaths. The Everett massacre cries out for a place where it can be confronted and debated constantly. Just how big a role did the brick road and the railroad overpass play? Neil Anderson says that on the day of the massacre, Sheriff McRae and the deputies gathered at the commercial club in downtown Everett.

33:21They waited there for a mill whistle to blow. That was the signal that the boats carrying the wobblies were about to arrive. And from there, then people headed down to the Pier 2 dock to await the arrival of the boats. And so, yes, they would have had to have, you know, gone down and, you know, kind of met there via streets or whatever and met there at Hewitt. And then would have walked on the brick road and underneath the bridge, the Great Northern Bridge, and then on to the pier.

33:55Unfortunately, despite the efforts of people like Neil Anderson and Jack O'Donnell and just a handful of others who know its true significance, this unique piece of historic landscape is threatened with destruction. The city of Everett, which is not known for its sensitivity to historic places, is working with BNSF Railway to remove the 1910 railroad overpass, rip up the old brick road, and fill in the area with a berm or an artificial slope made of dirt. For the railroad, it's cheaper and safer to maintain tracks running across a berm than tracks running across a bridge that's more than 115 years old.

34:31In an email in April 2024 describing the project, a city spokesperson said that the commemorative boulder and plaque will remain in the new space, which will become something of a public park. And the spokesperson added one more thing, read here by a voice actor. As noted by a colleague, the actual site of the Everett Massacre was farther west, on what is now Port of Everett property. This project is up the hill from there. It's clear that neither BNSF Railway nor the city of Everett recognizes the significance of the railroad overpass and the brick road for the role they played in the Everett Massacre.

35:06Let alone the fact that they're both so well preserved as to be nearly unchanged from November 5th, 1916. And it's unclear if that significance will be recognized in the permitting process required for the project to proceed. No one's ever going to be able to figure out, you know, who fired the first shot. Like so much about the Everett Massacre itself, the future of the historic landscape is unsettled and for now, unknown. And ever since that event has happened, it's kind of been other writers and storytellers is kind of a stain on, you know, Everett history.

35:43And it's too bad things couldn't have been handled differently back then, but it just didn't work out that way. And, you know, that's the spot where it occurred. And not very many people, they've heard about the Everett Massacre and when you start digging into Everett history. But, you know, a lot of people had no clue of where that event took place. And once the railroad overpass and brick roadway are gone, even with that commemorative boulder,

36:13the opportunity to share that story in the place where part of it happened will be gone forever.

36:20For more information, including photos, maps, and nautical charts, find us on social at unsolvedhistoriespod or visit our website unsolvedhistoriespod.com. Episodes are posted every other Tuesday. Each covers an unsolved, little-known, or mysterious event in history. Follow Unsolved Histories by KSL now wherever you get your podcasts. Unsolved Histories is researched, written, and hosted by me, Felix Bunnell. Production and sound design by Josh Tilton. Voice acting by Aaron Mason and Laura Scott.

36:53Special thanks to Trent Sell, Andrea Smartin, Kelly Ann Halverson, Ryan Meeks, Amy Donaldson, Ben Kebrick, and Dave Cauley. Our executive producer is Cheryl Worsley. Unsolved Histories is produced by KSL Podcasts in association with Rhapsody Voices.

37:19We'll be right back.