What this musician’s identity crisis teaches us about navigating change

A childhood shaped by the cello

0:00This is the TED Radio Hour. Each week, groundbreaking TED Talks delivered at TED conferences around the world. From those talks, we bring you speakers and ideas that will surprise you. Challenge you. We truly have to ask ourselves, like, why is it noteworthy? And even change you. I literally feel like I'm a different person. Yes. Do you feel that way? Ideas worth spreading. From TED and NPR, I'm Manoush Zomorodi.

0:46Were you one of those lucky people who knew exactly what you wanted to be when you grew up? Cellist Joshua Roman was. You know, I went through a phase when I was 10 or so, a few of these kinds of things where it's like, oh, I could be a fighter pilot or a firefighter or it was always something heroic. The fastest man in the world. But only if I break my arm and can never play the cello again. Oh, wow. Then I'll join Ski Patrol. It was that sort of thing.

1:19He has always spent most of his days practicing his cello. It's pretty all-consuming. It's a practice, not just practicing the cello, but the practice of sitting with a friend and working on something together. All of the things that I think other people might explore and really get into, I would do that, but it was always kind of on the side.

1:50I never put more effort into anything than I did into the cello. Was it love at first sight or was it more of a slow burn? You know, I don't remember my first time playing the cello. I was three years old. But I do remember the UPS lady at the front door. You know, we had one of those glass doors and a wooden door and the wooden door was open. And she was standing there in her brown shorts with this box that was bigger than me.

2:22And I was so excited. And yeah, I don't remember ever not loving the cello. So it's been inseparable since memory began. Growing up in Oklahoma City, music and faith were two sides of the same coin and what his family stood for. By the age of 13, Joshua practiced cello five hours a day, often at church alongside his father.

3:01When I was growing up, it was very religious. We went to church all the time. My dad was the music director. He's Reverend Paul David Roman. We were at church almost every day of the week, my whole life. And music was a service to God. That's how I saw it.

3:25Eventually, Joshua went on to study music. He joined the Seattle Symphony Orchestra. This is him on cello playing Shostakovich.

3:35At 22, he was their principal cellist, their youngest ever. At 24, he left to pursue a solo career, playing with orchestras around the world, live streaming on YouTube from Carnegie Hall in 2009. Introduced by Yo-Yo Ma. Occasionally, I get to meet an extraordinary young musician. Such is the case with Joshua Roman. Tens of thousands of fans online, traveling the globe. Life with his cello was exactly what Joshua had hoped for ever since he was a little kid.

4:10By the time I was six or so, I was telling everyone, this is what I'm going to do for the rest of my life. And I just knew it. It wasn't a question. It wasn't a consideration. It was just, that was what I was going to do. No question. I think a lot of people, or I won't speak for a lot of people, I'll speak for myself, which is that I'm envious that you had that clarity at such a young age. You know, you can imagine, that's something that I get told a lot or asked about quite a bit.

4:48And I think it cuts both ways. For me, it's been great. It's been great. But it's also been something my whole life has revolved around. And my time has always been limited. Because of your commitment. Because of my commitment. That commitment to his craft gave Joshua Roman the focus to become a world-famous classical musician. But like millions of other people, in 2020, his life shifted when the pandemic happened.

5:20Not only because he couldn't tour or play concerts, but because after Joshua got COVID, his body completely changed. His health, which he had always taken for granted, became fragile. And his old friend, the cello, it was like they hardly knew each other anymore. Today on the show, an hour with cellist and TED speaker Joshua Roman. An identity crisis that nearly ended his passion for his cello. And how he had to rethink his approach to life and music so he could love both.

A packed routine before the pandemic

5:54But first, let's go back to a typical day for Joshua in 2018, before all that happened. A typical day pre-COVID was packed. It was all super intense. So I used to practice anywhere from 6 to 10 hours a day. I was always reaching, striving to make myself better, whether at the cello or some skill or more reflective, learning meditation.

6:31But it was all 100 miles per hour. My idea of relaxing was to sign up for a 10-day silent Vipassana meditation course. And you're really grounded, but I wouldn't call it relaxing in the sense of not doing anything. And that's what I would do to take a break. And I would get up early. I would run. I got my mile under six minutes again the year before the pandemic.

7:02While I was bouncing around, I had been so busy, gone about 80% of the time playing concerts that I decided I didn't want to bother living in New York anymore. And so in 2019, I left everything in storage. And I just, for the first six months, I just lived in hotels and host family homes while I played the concerts that I had. And occasionally I needed to add an extra night or crash at my sister's. So I'd spent a long time kind of just roaming, being a kind of nomad.

7:39And it had been, I think, eight or nine months of doing that when the pandemic hit. Hi, everyone. What a day. What a time. All the concerts were canceled that March 12th or whatever it was. Concerts that have been canceled between now and May. It's for the best. I got a phone call from my manager that wiped out the entire future income that I had, except for, I think, one concert. And I immediately went into a kind of musical response mode.

8:14Welcome to Cello Bello. And started doing daily live streams on Facebook. I was doing this project called The Musical Journal. And I would record these multi-track cello things. When I would get somewhere and unpack, the first thing I would do is set up my recording equipment, my little mobile studio, and record an entry into the musical journal. And that was what music was doing for me at that point.

8:47It was an outlet to serve. Looking back, I think that I was really ignoring my personal relationship with the cello. I think I was using the cello as a tool, trying to extract all the good that I could from it in a way that would make an impact for other people. But I wasn't really considering, what does this sound, what does this practice mean for me? I was on a mission.

9:19And that was it.

Catching COVID in Jacksonville

9:27And then we get to January 2021. That's right. And like the vast majority of us, you got COVID. Yeah. Yeah. Where were you? I was in Jacksonville, Florida. The one concert that wasn't canceled. And I just, I will always say for the record, the Jacksonville Symphony did a great job with their safety protocol and measures.

9:57No one else got COVID. They canceled the second concert. We played the first concert. And I woke up the next morning and I had a, I couldn't smell. Couldn't smell the Altoids. Oh, man. Stuck my nose in the box and I couldn't smell a thing. I was like, this is not good. Yeah. So I took the test. And then, you know, in those days you would cancel the whole concert. And I was just kind of stuck. And I had no idea what it was going to do to me. But from the very beginning, it was an ordeal. Yeah. Because like, it's really hard to remember, which is so weird because it's not that long ago.

10:30But I think, you know, it's not fun to think about. But let's just remind ourselves that for some people, it was no big deal to get COVID. Right. And for others, it was an extremely big deal. How did your symptoms progress? And at what point did you realize like, oh, nuts, this is not good? Yeah. It was weird because I didn't feel like I had such a bad COVID. I mean, it was strange. I did. What I didn't have is the extreme regular flu-like symptoms.

11:02I basically had the weird stuff that COVID brings and not a whole lot of traditional sick stuff. I had a lot of trouble breathing. That was a thing. And I had incredible fatigue, which was like nothing I'd ever experienced where it wasn't being tired because I had done something or being sleepy. It's this feeling like I'm wearing weights inside of my body or something. But I just, lifting an arm can be so difficult.

11:35It just feels like it weighs 1,000 pounds. And the brain would have similar things. I was really struggling with brain fog. It was very difficult to read. And it was very strange. I didn't feel sick. I felt like I was inhabited by something else, like I'd been possessed with some weird thing. And then it just didn't go away. Ugh.

12:06And I'm very, very lucky that my primary care doctor knew about and understood enough about long COVID, both to suggest that that might be what I had and also to say you need to get extra help because I'm not an expert in this. When we come back, Joshua puts away his cello, unsure he'll ever return to it. That was probably the lowest point.

12:37Nothing on the calendar. No confidence in my ability to recover. A crisis of faith about what music meant at that point. It was a really dark time. More from my conversation with Joshua Roman. I'm Manoush Zomorodi, and you're listening to NPR's TED Radio Hour. We'll be right back.

13:10A quick note before we get back to the show. These days, many listeners are asking how they can support public radio. And there is a super easy, totally free thing you can do, and it literally takes two minutes. Go into the podcast app where you're listening right now and rate and review this show. That's it. Doing that helps other people find TED Radio Hour, and that helps us tremendously. Thank you. It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

13:42I'm Manoush Zomorodi. We are spending the hour with cellist Joshua Roman. By age 26, he had a flourishing and frenetic career. By 30, he was traveling the globe, playing the world's biggest venues. But when the pandemic hit, and Joshua developed long COVID, everything ground to a halt for him. Including the pleasure he'd always gotten from playing his beloved cello. I was facing the possibility of never playing this beautiful music again.

Performing with long COVID

14:15Here he is on the TED stage. In January of 21, I caught COVID, and unfortunately, I never fully recovered. I could tell something was wrong when I continued struggling to read, even after my initial infection. Sometimes, even basic sentences wouldn't make sense. A few weeks later, I was returning from the trip I'd been on when I got sick. And when I arrived home, the simple act of walking up the stairs to my bedroom completely laid me out.

14:48I only made it halfway before falling to the floor on the landing. Unable to continue or even to lift myself to a sitting position. I was there for half an hour, frustrated and crying.

15:05So what happened next after that? Well, eventually, I made it home. Well, home. I made it to New York.

15:15To the last place that I had been staying. And I only had two concerts, but they felt so important. So I kept those concert dates. Oh, wow. That was wild. You know, of course, my manager and I had a big, several conversations about it. Am I going to be able to do this? I worked my way up to playing the Saint-Saëns cello concerto.

15:40It's a solo cello with orchestra piece. And it's only about 20 minutes long, which is unusual. The big cello concertos, the famous ones, are 30 or even 40 minutes long. But this one was only 20 minutes long, and it's one that a lot of kids learn. So I had learned it when I was 12 or 13 or something. I don't know.

16:03And if there was any piece I was going to be able to perform at the level that I expected myself, even with long COVID, it was going to be that piece. So I got it ready. It was nuts. At first, I could only play two to five minutes.

16:27And eventually, I got up to 20 minutes. And I could do that, but I would have to rest so much to be able to just play the cello for 20 minutes. So when I did that performance, I definitely had to recover.

16:45But right after that, I was working for the very first time with Edgar Meyer and Tessa Lark.

16:52The only way some concerts went on was that they were videotaped. And so that's what we did at Edgar's house. And we were able to spread out our work over the course of a week so that I could manage it. And it wasn't until after I pushed through those two things that I truly, truly just crashed.

17:14That was probably the lowest point. Nothing on the calendar. No confidence in my ability to recover. A crisis of faith about what music meant at that point. And whether I wanted to continue at all, it was a really dark time.

Putting the cello away

17:39I abandoned the daily practice routine that I'd been cultivating for over 30 years. I put my cello in its case, and I left it there.

17:50Doubts that had been lurking for years came to the surface. I'd been stuck in a gig mentality for much of my career, waiting for the phone to ring, afraid to say no to any opportunity, and completely unaware of the exhaustion that ran through my body and spirit. I've always wanted to feel like what I do matters. But after decades of ambitious effort to play every note in tune, make every phrase clear and powerful,

18:22I was having trouble seeing that possibility through my fatigue. With the difficulty I had, even lifting the bow, let alone putting in a decent practice session, I lost hope that it mattered.

18:39Yeah, you say you put your cello in its case and you left it there. Yeah. How long did that break last? I probably, John. It was like two and a half months, almost three months. Oh, wow. Yeah. That was probably the biggest break you'd taken ever in your life, basically. Yeah. Because my rule was, somebody told me when I was a kid that Heifetz said, and I've never looked this up because I don't want to know, if I miss a day of practice, I know.

19:13If I miss two days, the critics know. If I miss three days of practice, the whole world knows. And even as like a six-year-old, that was the mentality that was drilled into me. So almost three months was inconceivable. What do you think your cello thought of this? I'm starting to think of them truly as your life partner.

19:36Yeah. They're not happy about it. I can tell you, Midge is her name, and she had been put in the closet a few times, I'm sorry to say, but always because I had another cello that I would be playing. I see. It was never me not playing the cello. But there's something about cellos when they don't get played for a while, they get stiff. It's hard to get a sound. You don't have a lot of sound. It's kind of crazy how much this wood changes when it's played and when it's not played.

20:08So she was very unhappy, but also my fingers, I had pretty much lost my calluses, which is something I think any string player will understand what I'm saying with that. I had pretty much lost my calluses. When you were in the midst of that, of not playing, did you miss it? Did you miss Midge? Did you start thinking? No. No. I started thinking about other things I could do.

20:39I mean, it was not, I don't think I was very in touch with myself. You know, we talked about earlier, I knew from such an early age and people, a lot of people look at that and think that's awesome. But that flip side is real, that there are all of these other things that just got pushed to the side because I knew what I was supposed to do. And so I wasn't going to let anything that would counter that narrative become real.

21:09So when I did put the cello away, I was flooded with those doubts that had been shoved down. And it was the first time that I'd truly voiced those things that had always kind of been there. I want to try and understand that why you don't know if music is going to do it. Because physically I don't feel able, because, wow, I haven't given the rest of the world a chance in my life.

21:43Was it that you still had long COVID and you were just like, I'm just so damn tired, I'm just going to sit in this not knowing? Like, what exactly? You know, this is getting, this is cutting to the quick of it. When I was a kid, I grew up in a church.

22:00Music was a service to God. I was able to have incredible ambition to serve in this place where there's meaning attributed to those things which can't be articulated sometimes by science so well. So spirituality, really. And I left the church when I was 16 or 17. And at the point that we're talking about, it had been, gosh, 20 years of not being a Christian.

22:38But I hadn't yet figured out how music was going to save the world if it wasn't through God and Jesus, the way that I had thought when I was a kid. And so a lot of what I had done for service was kind of like automatic. And in this moment, all of that that had been building up just came down on me. And I didn't know if I could believe anymore that music would save people because I didn't believe in the construct

23:12that had given me that in the first place. And I hadn't yet found a new one. So COVID almost forced you into confronting this confusion in that you just stopped playing. A hundred percent. It totally forced me into facing something that I could have faced a long time ago.

A summer solstice request

23:37In those very dark days, you got a call from a friend. Yeah. That ended up changing things for you. What did they say? Like, I know you're struggling right now, but would you consider playing just for us friends? It's so it's so funny to me because I had this friend who asked me to play for her summer solstice party. And, you know, I said yes. I at that point, I wasn't really sure if I was even going to continue a career as a cellist.

24:13And I think I had in the back of my mind, you know, I can just cancel. It's fine. She'll understand. But then I procrastinated actually thinking about it. And so I couldn't say no anymore. And that is actually when I picked up the cello. It was the day before this party. And that's why I took Midge out again and started playing.

24:46And that's the moment where I, everything changed for me. There's a place on probably most, if not every cellist's chest that has marks on the skin from where the cello touches it. And for me, it's right on the breastbone, slightly to the left, close to the heart, which is kind of crazy.

25:20And when I started playing the Bach Prelude, after not having touched the cello for so long, I think I was extra sensitive to the vibrations. You can feel the whole cello vibrating, holding it with your knees, it's against your chest. Sometimes your head is touching the scroll a little bit.

25:53You feel it in your hands. I know that that vibration wakes the cello up. This is something that we know. It's studied the effect that vibrations have on the instruments. And I think that was one of the only moments in a long time, maybe the only moment in many, many years, that I let myself feel the vibrations from my hands touching the cello and the cello leaning against my chest and against my knees,

26:28just waking me up. And I started crying because it was something that I really needed.

26:47Pretty immediately, I felt that here is the thing that I've been missing. It's my own personal connection to the music and to the cello, that all of the other stuff has to come from that. That I'd been so singularly focused on putting music out there for other people that I wasn't, you know, and some of it's ironic. I wasn't even really doing that as well as I could because I wasn't letting myself be a part of the equation.

27:22And I was trying to disappear. I was trying to make myself a perfect, empty vessel for music. And that's just not how it works. And being moved, literally, feeling the vibrations and emotionally feeling the vulnerability that I had in that moment be touched in a way that I hadn't experienced before. That showed me that music is, on its own, powerful and necessary.

27:55And all of the layers that I've been peeling back since that moment come from that basic element of, I had to be taken down to my knees before I let go of pride and let myself be vulnerable and experience the beauty of music. With that veil pulled away, what did you see in front of you then?

28:25Because it looked different, it sounded like, than where you'd just been.

Finding a healthier relationship with music

28:28Very different. Very different. I wasn't immediately sure what to do with it, except that I knew that I wasn't going to quit the cello. That, in fact, the cello is my partner and my life, and that I just needed to have a healthier relationship with it. And I think setting out to explore that, what is my relationship with music, with the cello, what is the power of music? Those have become my structure, in a way, those questions.

29:01And it's led me to do very specific things. Like, there was a point that I realized, and I think it was many months after that, but there was a point that I realized I needed to stop practicing when I didn't want to practice. And that's just so weird for me to, even now, for me to hear myself saying. But whenever I would feel the urge, I started asking myself, is this because I really want to practice, or is this because I feel like I should practice? And I discovered that when I started that, I actually started being able to keep my mind on the cello more when I was playing.

29:40Like, my mind wasn't wandering off like it used to sometimes. I wasn't just playing by rote. I was there. It took a little while, but now that's very true. And also, I found that I really love playing the cello, and that I really love practicing. And it's not just, this is the difference. It's not just about getting better at something. It's about just enjoying doing it. And another paradox, or irony, or whatever you want to call it, is that I think I'm playing better than ever.

30:15And I don't show up unprepared and stuff. Like, you'd think that's what would happen if you said, I'm not going to practice unless I want to. But no, it's not really bad. At my core, I trust, I'm working on trusting myself.

30:35Practicing is about trusting. And just like in any other relationship, trust is a matter of building the trust part, not the verify part. And I had been so focused on all of the little check boxes. Have I done my skills? Have I done this? Then maybe I can relax and trust myself. But I hadn't ever actually practiced trusting myself. Because that's scary to do. What if you fail? It's really scary. Yeah. Well, that's the other thing.

31:05I realized I'm going to fail. That's okay. That's going to be part of it. And I'm going to somehow find a way to let people experience this thing that I feel right now. And that's going to make me fail in other ways, ways that I would have considered failure before. But maybe now that's actually the point.

31:28That truly I can put my, I can put my bow where my mouth was and really do this thing of truly giving something. In a minute, what Joshua Roman went on to produce, his debut solo album, and a piece improvised just for you, dear listener. It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

31:58I'm Manoush Zomorodi. Stay with us. It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR. I'm Manoush Zomorodi. On the show today, cellist Joshua Roman and how long COVID changed his life and his approach to music.

Creating the debut solo album

32:25So, you went through a lot, but it has brought you to sort of this unexpected and kind of wonderful place, your debut solo album. I close my eyes Only for a moment And the moment's gone It includes classical pieces, original compositions. You also do covers of more contemporary music.

33:00And features you on guitar as well as cello. And you sing. That's right. Tell us about the album and the process of putting it together. Well, it all started with that moment and trying to figure it out. But there was a catalyst, which was a friend of mine who ran, still runs, a series at the Princeton University Concert Series. And it was new at the time called Healing with Music. Oh, yeah. I'm familiar.

33:30Okay. Awesome. Right. So, the basic idea, you know, you hear artists playing music that has helped them through their health journeys. And it was very scary to think about that, to be up on stage saying, I'm not okay. You know, I'd played a couple of concerts at that point. And, of course, we told everyone, the presenters, to make sure that everyone backstage knew. But I wasn't going out on stage and being like, I've got long COVID. Oh, you weren't. I'm going to be tired after this.

34:03Until this moment. I see. This proposal from my friend Dasha was, come do a concert where the whole point is, something's wrong and here's how music helps. One of the challenges I face is that, especially classical music, is hard for me now because, cognitively, it's not that simple.

34:33It's actually pretty taxing and can take a lot out of me. But, it has been the center of me understanding my relationship with myself and being kinder to myself.

34:50So, I started thinking about the pieces that had meant something to me on this journey. And all of the pieces that were on that concert ended up being a part of the project. And this idea that I would be on stage and I would tell my story in words and music came from that experience. That was another layer being peeled back of, sure, I'm performing, but I'm not performing to hide in a way.

35:23I'm not trying to be bulletproof up here. I'm showing people something that really matters personally to me. Not just something I've picked because it seems important, but because, like, it truly affects me. And that was different. It's so interesting to me because it's not what I ever would have said.

36:11That I should have done as a debut album. And yet, I think 12-year-old me would not have been surprised at all. It would have made so much sense to 12. Like, of course, that's the music that you would put on an album. And I, like, 12-year-old me didn't know what musical genres and boundaries were supposed to be. It was just things that fit together fit together.

36:43I mean, what you're talking about is vulnerability. Exactly. And one might think, oh, that means he's going to sound wistful or sad.

37:16But no, that is not the case. This is joyous. Yeah. I mean, there's sadness. But what's interesting, actually, is when you put it all together, it's just life. There's a moment, you know, I did write a piece specifically for the project much later when it came time to record it. And the idea was, this is going to be the piece that's about my experience.

37:47And I really desperately wanted it to have this up and down, feel the journey, kind of Lord of the Rings landscape. At the same time, it's supposed to be a five-minute piece for solo cello. And I'm such a doofus, but I couldn't get that piece out. And I kept trying and failing. And so I started improvising every day to see what would happen and how I would get there. And it was really fun, but I wasn't making this epic that I had in mind.

38:19And it was the weekend before I was walking into the studio, I still didn't have that thing done or even really know what it was going to be. And so I finally just totally gave up. And I said, all right, whatever is coming out is the piece. And, like, it just kind of showed itself immediately. And very quickly, those fun improv sessions evolved into one of the most unabashedly joyful compositions I've ever written.

38:54I couldn't force myself to write the piece that I wanted. But when I let go and just played, I came away with the piece that I needed. I gave it the same name I've given my project, Immunity. I came away with the piece that I needed.

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42:40ORGAN PLAYS ORGAN PLAYS thing it was so I still don't quite understand except that a lot of actually a lot of religions and spiritualities and philosophies have this idea of the paradox and it's I think it's it's really real you know we don't have to be all one or the other I guess I'm also thinking that maybe uh Freud might say you lost the ego or or that you well

43:19that sounds nice it does right well but it just reminds me of being having honestly postpartum depression and and the one thing that came out of that was that I lost my filter and just kind of said what I thought and that's when my career took off yeah what was that like you know having to go to the darkness yeah and then doing things because you want to and it's incredibly freeing and life is more pleasurable and and oddly easier yes I think that's something that I I don't feel

43:54like I can articulate it very well it's it's another for me it's another one of those paradoxes where in music and in life understanding enough to be able to let go it's like even just that sentence is a weird thing to chew on but they they go together understanding and letting go did do you

Playing a final piece in the studio

44:17think you essentially came back to being the same sort of musician or or are you very different no oh my gosh I mean there's you know the roots are there I would say that something has been unlocked something you know it was like I was circling something for so many years trying through skill through dedication through commitment through brute force trying to get at something and all of those skills they're not useless skills they're they're good they help they help do the thing they just

44:51weren't the thing they were just tools that help when you have the thing so I'm the same person with less and less fear of being who I am so I would love to use the time that we have left together um to ask you would you play some music for us I'd be happy to yeah who is this with you because I know you were talking Cindy oh Cindy Cindy yeah that was that

45:25was the response Cindy likes one piece back oh she's got curves Cindy yeah yeah what how long in you have Cindy you and Cindy been together oh wow two and a half years actually we were a little bit on and off at first so it's hard to remember well you were with Midge before right so I was with Midge yeah all right so so talk to me about what you and Cindy are gonna do for us right now well I think there are a lot of things that I could do but probably the most appropriate thing given our

45:59conversation is just to play a short little what's happening right now and I have no idea what that's going to be so this is this is today so so so so

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48:04That was amazing. Oh, thank you. That was very gentle. That just came out of you? Yes. Yeah. It was a gentle something. I loved it. Thank you. It was what I needed to bring me down a little bit today. And I don't mean like sad. I mean like just like take a deep breath.

48:31Yeah. I think probably me too. You know, sharing this story, what we have been speaking about, it's always hard. I still feel anxious sharing these things and having something that was just so simple and grounding. So there we are. That was Joshua Roman. His album is called Immunity.

49:02The selections you heard come courtesy of his record label, Bright Shiny Things. You can see his talk and all of his TED performances at TED.com. Thank you so much for listening to our show today. If you enjoyed it, got something out of it, please leave us a comment or a rating on Spotify or email us at TEDRadioHour at NPR.org. We read every comment and we love hearing from you. This episode was produced by Matthew Cloutier and edited by Sanaz Meshkinfor and me.

49:35Our production staff at NPR also includes James Elahousi, Rachel Faulkner-White, Katie Monteleone, Fiona Guerin, and Harsha Nahada. Our executive producer is Irene Noguchi. Our audio engineers were Patrick Murray and Simon Jensen. Our partners at TED are Chris Anderson, Roxanne Hilash, and Daniela Ballarezzo. I'm Manoush Zomorodi. And you've been listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR.