Running: Will It Wreck Your Body?

Introduction

0:00Hi, I'm Akedi Foster-Keyes filling in for Wendy, and you're listening to Science Versus, the show that pits facts against 5Ks. Today on the show, running.

0:16More than 28 million people go running every week in the U.S., according to one survey. And the reason why we do this is presumably because it's good for us, right? And not only that, but we hear running can give you this sort of amazing feeling. It's time to get high. Runner's high, that is. I had ran two miles straight, and I experienced a runner's high for the very first time. It was so freaking cool. It was like full adrenaline. So a lot of us are excited about the benefits of running. But then we also might have this nagging voice in our ear that's kind of just like, you're gonna get hurt.

0:53Everyone I know that starts to get into running, their body slowly starts to fall apart. Don't run, period. I'm so tired of saying it. Your knees go, your ankles go, your hip goes. Running is terrible for you, and anybody who runs a marathon, I think, needs mental health help.

Science of Running

1:10And so today, we're running down the science here. We're gonna figure out what actually happens to our bodies when we run. What's going on with our muscles and our joints. And then we're also gonna look into runner's high and figure out, like, what's happening in our brains when this happens.

1:27Because when it comes to running, there's a lot of... Their body slowly starts to fall apart. And then there's science.

1:37That's coming up after the break. This episode of Science Versus is presented by Amazon Health AI. Guys, we gotta talk about your secret late-night internet searches. You know the ones. Bumpy leg rash, hair loss, itchy bum. Trying to figure out your body by endlessly searching for answers. We all do it. But does it always work? Well, you could try Amazon Health AI. It can connect your symptoms with your medical history to offer personalized care 24-7.

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Injury Risks

2:52Welcome back. I'm Akedi Foster-Keys. And today we're looking at running. And what it's doing to our bodies. With me today is senior producer Meryl Horn. Hey, Meryl. Hey, Akedi. So, are you a runner? I am a runner. Like, I don't run as much as I used to, but I love running. It's like my little escape, you know. I love it when I'm listening to the music and getting into the rhythm. I actually publicly hate running, but secretly kind of love it. I don't do it as much, though, because I got hurt.

3:24Yeah. I mean, I'm also scared right now to really get back into it since my husband got super injured from running. Like, he wasn't doing anything that crazy, but he ended up getting a stress fracture and literally, like, just couldn't walk one day because of it and ended up being on crutches for, like, two months. Oh, my God. Which I just didn't even realize could happen. So, that really freaked me out. Jeez. So, that's actually where I wanted to start, with injuries.

3:57Like, how likely are you to get hurt as a runner? And I wanted to compare running with stuff that's also pretty accessible. So, I looked at cycling and swimming, and there are lots of studies. They'll survey people about what they do and if they got hurt. So, like, one review will look at runners over a period of time to see, like, okay, how much did you run? What kind of injuries did you get? Another review will look at cyclists and then swimmers. And when you look at these reviews side by side, what you find is that runners do get

4:30hurt more often. They do. So, it's not just in our heads. Runners actually are more likely to get injured. Yep. Okay. That's sort of satisfying, actually, because it feels true. Right? The actual numbers, they kind of differ across studies. So, one big review that I found said that typically half of runners get hurt every year with an injury that keeps them from running for a little bit. So, about half of runners get injured every year? Yeah. Whoa.

5:00Okay. That sounds pretty bad. And so, what types of injuries were they getting? Yeah. So, it's basically the stuff that you'd expect, right? From the knee down. Okay. The best review that I could find on this looked at 42 studies. Whoa. And found that generally, the most common type of injury was in the knees. Okay. It was about 30%. Next up, about 20% of injuries were in the lower leg. So, that's between your knee and your ankle, like your shin area. And then about 13% were ankle injuries.

5:32Okay. But so, generally, knees on down. Bad news for that part of your body if you're a runner. Yeah. Do we know why this is happening? Like, is it just that, like, impact of the grounds, like, your body pounding on the pavement? Yeah. So, that's one thing that we've thought for, like, ages, right? That it's wear and tear. Uh-huh. After all, running can be super hard on your body. Every time your foot hits the ground, your knees absorb more than four times your body weight. Oof. Okay. Yeah. That's a lot.

6:02It doesn't seem like that would be good for the joints. Right. It doesn't. But then, for some people, they run and they're just fine. So, I wanted to know, what puts us at risk of getting hurt while we're running? And is there anything that we can do about it? So, I called up a researcher who did a big study on this. His name is Dr. Rasmus Ostergaard Nielsen. He's an associate professor in the public health department at Aarhus University in Denmark. And he's also a runner himself. But he wasn't always as keen on it as he is right now.

6:33So, I heard that you got into running because you came in dead last in a local race in your hometown. That was absolutely correct. I signed up for a road race with a friend. And I really, really had to fight my way through. And I came in second last in the race. And that really was the start of my running career. So, since that humbling defeat in the road race, Rasmus has pretty much made running into his science career.

7:05And last year, he published this paper that looked at why so many runners are getting knocked off their feet by this sport. Many runners say, oh, I had this single run where I just ran too far. And then my knee starts to hurt. And I thought, okay, this actually challenges the assumption that we have from clinical textbooks, which would describe that overuse injuries amongst runners develop gradually over time, over weeks. So, Rasmus put together a study to look for patterns of when people got hurt.

7:39He and his team followed over 5,000 runners for about a year and a half and looked at how much they ran on average. And then took a look at the times where they ran more than their average distance. Ah. And also took a look at how often they got injured after those runs. And what Rasmus found was pretty wild. If you run just a little bit farther... You increase your risk to up to 60% larger. Oh, that's a lot. Yeah, it's quite a lot.

8:06Hmm. Yeah, so for that big increase in risk, Rasmus saw it when people upped their distance just 10 to 30% over their longest run the week before. Just making that small change, that's when people had a 60% higher chance of injury. Whoa. So you gotta be really careful. Like, you're not messing around when you even just go that little bit more. Yeah. So Rasmus says that you can bump up your distance safely, but in order to do that, you shouldn't run more than 5% farther than what you usually do.

8:40Got it. 5% more. Okay. So, like, don't get too excited. Like, just take it really slow. So, yeah, I mean, kind of, like, don't get excited at all.

8:53It's really not that much more. I asked him about it. So I'm like, if I run 5K most of the time, in my next training session, I want to run farther. That means I can't even go 6K. No. No. No, you can't. 6K would then be a 20% increase. I think that most runners would be really upset to hear this.

9:18Yeah, but still, numbers doesn't lie. And if you want to be in the safe zone, then you need to reduce the length of your running session. This is actually very satisfying. Because I thought my husband was ramping up slowly, but he was not going that slow. So now I feel like we have an explanation for basically why he got so injured. Because he was going up, yeah, at least a mile every week. And apparently that's crazy to do that much. So, okay.

Benefits of Running

9:47And obviously there's individual differences here. You know, like your friend might be able to do a little bit more running than you without getting hurt. But 5% is the general rule that Rasmus is suggesting. Okay. And even Rasmus, who's an expert in this field, has a hard time with keeping himself from running more than he should, right? If a friend comes and says, okay, Rasmus, should we go out on a long run and we should do that the very past? And I get excited.

10:18I lose my mind. And even though I know when I go out for this running session, this is totally stupid. I really shouldn't do this. And then I sustain an injury. Yeah, and actually one of the reasons why we might have this impulse is that our body can kind of give us mixed signals here. Because there's this kind of cool thing that's going on when we run. So, as you're putting pressure on your body, you get micro injuries. Micro cracks in your bones, changes in the collagen of your tendons.

10:48And when those heal, you actually get stronger. So, over time, running can be really good for your body. Like, runners tend to have less arthritis in their knees. Okay, wait. So, in general, you're running along, you're getting these little micro cracks. But that's actually a good thing because then when your body heals, it, like, builds back stronger? Yeah, but that process can take a while, you know? Like, it can take bones months to heal and get stronger. And for tendons, it can be pretty similar, but it ranges.

11:19But there's this other part of our body that tends to adapt a lot faster, our cardiovascular system. So, you might find that you start out, like, huffing and puffing, but then pretty quickly, maybe even within a matter of weeks, you might start to notice that you're breathing easier and your heart might not feel like it's beating out of its chest so much. So, then you might get a little carried away because you're like, I can do this. I feel so much better. But you don't know about those micro cracks in your bones.

11:50Or do you? Because your shin is acting up and you're just deciding, well, I want to keep running anyway. Right, right. So, the slow ramp up is important. Okay. And a lot of people talk about your form here, you know, your stride. There is some evidence that switching from running on your heels to running on the balls of your feet can reduce the load on your knees. But at the same time, doing that could also shift more of that force onto your ankles and your feet. All right. So, there's no secret stride that science is saying this will save you from getting injured yet.

12:24Right. Like, overall, it's just not super clear that making these changes reduces your risk of getting injured. Rasmus told me that the slow ramp up probably makes more of a difference here. Okay. Good to know. And there's another big thing that you can do here to prevent yourself from becoming, you know, just another running statistic. Like what? But Meryl, it might be time to start getting ass to grass and building up that booty. So, the butt can save us if we have a really strong butt? Yeah. So, there's this one study that looked at runners who were training for the New York City Marathon.

12:58And they got them to do these exercises to see how strong they were. It was stuff like planks, single leg glute bridges, push-ups. So, they would, like, see how long they could, like, hold one of these poses. Yeah. See how long they could hold the pose, see how many push-ups they could do, stuff like that. And then they looked at who got hurt and who didn't while they were training to see if any of their strength made a difference. And what they found was that the only exercise that made a difference was the single leg glute bridge.

13:29It was the only one that cut down their injury risk. Wait, what's a single leg glute bridge? Okay. So, in a regular glute bridge, you lie on your back with your knees bent and your feet flat on the ground. And then you push through your heels to, like, lift your butt off the ground. Okay. Like a bridge pose in yoga. Yes. But with the single leg glute bridge, you're just doing it with, like, one leg instead of both on the ground. Okay. I can picture that. And people who could hold this for at least 20 seconds, specifically on their weaker leg, had a 64% lower risk of getting hurt while they were training.

14:09Why is the butt so important? So, one explanation I've seen is that muscles in your butt help to keep your hip joints stable and also help to keep your hips and knees in proper alignment. Huh. Yeah. So, when your butt muscles are weak, the body adjusts by moving in these, like, new ways that can put more force and, like, weight on your joints. Oh, interesting. Like, your knees might rotate inward more or one hip might be higher than the other.

14:42They get a little wonky if the butt isn't, like, holding everything in place. Yeah, exactly. So, if you're moving differently, then, like, basically the Jenga stack of your body is kind of off balance. Right. Because it's like, that's a critical piece in the Jenga tower of the butt. It's right there in the middle. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So important. Wow. Newfound appreciation of the butt. Okay. Right. And just generally, muscles are great shock absorbers.

15:12So, strengthening all these muscles, you know, around your butt, your hips, and your joints, they really help to stabilize everything and prevent injury. Okay. So, do the booty exercises. Do the booty exercises. Yes. Yeah.

15:27So, Meryl, that's kind of all we have to say about injuries. What did you learn? I feel like I learned a lot. But, you know, I know to do the booty exercises and that it's also way more likely that we'll get injured if we ramp up too quickly. You're a good student, Meryl. Yay. But, okay. Well, so, I guess overall, my question is still, like, then should I run? Like, do the pros outweigh the cons? That's coming up after the break. All right. Okay.

16:00Okay.

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Mental Health Benefits

19:18Welcome back. I'm Akedi Foster-Keys here with Meryl Horn. Hi. And so far we've talked about injuries. You know, all the reasons why you might not want to run. But now let's talk about the benefits. Yes, finally. All right. What are the good things? So for this, I talked to Professor Duxol Lee. He studies physical activity at the University of Pittsburgh. People call me DC. As in Washington, D.C. So D.C. did this huge study a while ago that was focused specifically on running and longevity. It looked at over 55,000 adults over 15 years.

19:51And what he found was basically that runners live longer. Okay. Running was associated with significantly lower risk of death compared to not running. And here they specifically looked at cardiovascular disease and something that's called all-cause mortality. Okay. Oh, and both of those things were lower in the runners. Yeah, yeah. Both of those things were lower. Nice. And D.C. told me that the reason why running increases longevity is because it does things like lower your blood pressure, improve your cholesterol, and improve your glucose levels.

20:24So all this stuff is super important for your heart. Okay. It also can reduce chronic inflammation, which is linked to a whole bunch of diseases. I mean, it is nice to hear. It's not surprising. Yeah. Now, it's possible that people who are already healthy and therefore likely to live longer anyway, that they're also more likely to be runners. Oh, right. But the study did try to take that into account. Okay. Well, that's really, I mean, I feel like that's so different from all the scary TikTok doctors that I've seen.

20:54Like, if it's overall going to make us live longer, it can't be that bad for us to run. But TikTok doctors are leading you astray, Meryl. Yeah. And it brought up another question for me, which is, like, how much do I actually have to run if I want to live longer? Oh, yeah. People may think no pain, no gain, you know, or the more the better regarding exercise and health, right? But what DC found kind of turned that idea on its head. His study found that people who ran less than one hour per week basically got the same benefit as people who ran more than three hours per week when it came to longevity.

21:33Whoa. Yeah. Here's DC. I was surprised that doing more was not, you know, was not providing more benefits. You know, when I published that original paper, lots of serious runners were unhappy. Because, again, the benefits from pushing further was small. So, it really doesn't matter. Like, you don't need to worry about running extra hard if what you're going for is, like, a boost in your longevity.

22:06Yeah, exactly. And you can even break that one hour of running down into just five to ten minutes per day. Whoa. Five to ten minutes a day. That's it. That's all you need to do. Okay. Yeah. Nice. So, for DC, this is the bottom line. Moving from sitting all day, like a computer sedentary, to adding even very small, very small amount of any type of physical activity will provide health benefits.

22:37That's for sure. And we should say that even though DC's study looked at runners, this goes beyond just running. You can get these benefits from other kinds of cardio exercise, too. Okay, sure. Right. And, by the way, all of this was especially interesting because there's this idea that our listeners brought up that running is bad for the heart. Mm. But that's not true. Yeah. This doesn't seem like it dives with what you've been saying. Right. Okay. So, it seems like this does come from a little bit of evidence.

23:10You know, like some studies suggest that men who run a lot have a higher risk of some heart issues. Oh. But that's men who run a ton, like ten times more than the weekly recommended amount. Whoa. Okay. Yeah. It works out to something like three hours per day. Whoa. So, for that very specific group of men, you said? Yeah, men. Then they might have an increased risk for some heart issues. But for all the rest of us, we're okay. It's actually good for the heart. Yeah.

23:40So, running, good for the heart. Overall, good for not dying. It's looking pretty good. Exactly. Okay. So, it's good physically for our bodies. Are there any, like, mental health benefits to running? Because it does feel amazing. Like, that's why I run. We know that exercise generally is good for our mental health. Like, there have been a few clinical trials that show that exercise can help treat depression. There's also some evidence that it can help with anxiety and ruminating thoughts. And on top of that, we do hear that there is something special that running can do for us.

24:15It's time to get high. Runner's high, that is. So, Meryl, have you experienced runner's high before? Yeah, for sure. I mean, sometimes it's, like, does kind of feel like a high. Like, I get this lightness. And I'm just kind of, like, bounding along. I'm picturing myself, like, running next to the water near my house. And it's just so beautiful. And the music is in my earbuds. And I'm just like, ah. Like, it feels great. It's almost giving me life. Yeah. And by the way, you can get this feeling from other types of endurance exercise.

24:49Like, biking, for example. Huh. But we hear people talk about it most specifically with running. Okay. And one study I found said that around 70% of endurance runners have reported having this runner's high at least once. So I wanted to know, what's going on in our brain when we get runner's high? Yeah, how does it happen? So, for a long time, scientists had one key suspect. Endorphins. These are the natural opiates that our bodies make. Mm-hmm. They found the endorphins and they were responsible, you know, for all the feelings like eating chocolate.

25:25That's Dr. Michael Siebers. He's a scientist at the Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research at the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany. And he told me that scientists found endorphins around the same time as the runner's boom, which started in the 70s. And since they were associated with all the things that could make you feel good, you know, food, sex, laughter, they were an obvious choice to explain runner's high. But then this other suspect entered the ring. Here's Michael.

25:55So, in the 90s, they discovered a new system, the endocannabinoid system, which is everywhere in the body. And, well, in the end, there was the question, okay, is it the endocannabinoids or the endorphins which are producing the runner's high? So, endocannabinoids can also make us feel good. It might not surprise you, Meryl, to learn that they also work with the same receptors that contribute to other kinds of highs. Yes, the weed, one specifically.

26:26And so, how did Michael figure it out, which one it was? So, he did a study where they basically block the receptors in our brains that get activated by endorphins. Huh. These are the same receptors that get activated if you take an opioid drug. And to block them, they actually use a medication that's given to people with substance abuse issues. Okay. If you take it and then you try to get high, you won't actually feel the high. Yeah. And so, if runners take this pill and they don't get runner's high, then we know that the runner's high is the endorphins because the drug has blocked the endorphins, which means that it would block the runner's high.

27:01Okay. So, what Michael Seam does is they have runners come into the lab, take either a placebo pill or the blocker, and then get on the treadmill for 50 minutes. Okay. And then before and after each session, they test for their mood and their anxiety. The blockage of the opioid systems did more or less not hinder a runner's high. So, we could demonstrate that the runner's high does not depend on endorphins. Does not depend on endorphins. It's not the endorphins.

27:32It's something else. Like the endocannabinoids, I guess? Yeah. Michael thinks it's the endocannabinoids. Okay. So, but why does he think it's endocannabinoids specifically and not just some other thing in the brain? Yeah. So, Michael and his colleagues did look at endocannabinoids in this study, and they saw that they went up during the run. Okay. And then we also have mouse studies on this. There's this one study that looked at mice running on a wheel, and this time, some of the mice had their cannabinoid receptors either blocked or missing.

28:04Huh. They compared them to other mice that didn't, and they found that the mice with the blocked or missing cannabinoid receptors ran less than the other mice by like 30 to 40 percent. Because they were not feeling the runner's high, I guess? Like, they were kind of bummed out. So, like, why am I even running on this wheel? What's the purpose of life? I'm going to stop.

28:28Right. Oh, four mice. Yeah. Bottom line, it seems like the endocannabinoids are the big deal here. Okay. But Michael doesn't think that endorphins are doing nothing while we run. Hmm. There is some evidence that endorphins can do other stuff. Like, we think that they can make your muscles hurt less while you're exercising or after. Okay, that makes sense. And then there's other stuff going on in our body. And one scientist told me that when you exercise, it's kind of like there's a chemical cocktail party going on in your body.

29:00Mm-hmm. There's also dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline, and some other stuff, like, all dancing around in there.

29:09Great. Okay, so the last thing I want to talk about is if you haven't had a runner's high and you want to, what should you do?

Runner's High

29:19Oh, yeah. Yeah. Can you, like, make it more likely that you'll feel a runner's high? Well, we don't have a ton of studies on how to get it specifically. But Michael did have some tips based on other studies about exercise and endocannabinoids. Okay. So, first, he said that you should aim for a heart rate that's between 70 to 80 percent of something called your age-adjusted max heart rate. But how generally, like, how hard is that? It's pretty high intensity, like, pretty vigorous, but not your max.

29:51You don't want to be going, like, your hardest. That's helpful. And that's zone three running for people who are familiar with zones. Got it. The other thing is that it probably won't happen if you're doing that bare minimum 10 minutes. Oh. You have to be running for a while, which makes sense to me. I feel like I don't really hit it until it's been, like, a good 20 minutes at least. Yeah, that's basically what Michael said, actually. He said you should be running at least... Like, 20 minutes. At 35 minutes, more or less, you're having the best mood results in the studies.

30:27And, well, then it depends which is the best setting for you. For example, if you like to run in nature, then it should be, like, in nature. If you like your favorite music, you should listen to your favorite music. If you like to run in groups or alone. So, that's where we're landing, Meryl. How do you feel about running now? I'm excited to get back out there. Like, it is such a good feeling. And I'm excited that as long as you don't ramp up too quickly, you'll be healthier overall if you run.

31:00Oh, great. Are you going to run more? Are you running right now? Yeah, I think this made me feel like, all right, like, I do want to get back into doing it more regularly. And I think that, like, the idea that, okay, I can just start with 10 minutes a day. It might not feel good to, like, my athlete's ego, but it's what will keep me safe and consistent. Oh, and now I can get a fat ass, too. Yeah. That's what we really learned, just that, like, fat asses equal healthy running.

31:32Like, more so like a muscular ass, I guess. But either way. Okay. I'm definitely going to get back into it. All right. Nice. Thanks, Meryl. Thanks, Akedi.

31:44That's Science Versus. There are 76 citations in this week's episode. If you want to check them out, you can go to the link in our show notes. This episode was produced by Akedi Foster Keys with help from Blythe Terrell, Michelle Dang, Rose Rimmler, Meryl Horn, and Wendy Zuckerman. We're edited by Blythe Terrell. Wendy Zuckerman is our executive producer.

32:15Fact-checking by Taylor White. Mix and sound design by Bobby Lord. Music written by Bumi Hidaka, Peter Leonard, Emma Munger, and Bobby Lord. Thanks to all the researchers we got in touch with for this episode, including Dr. Anita Eberl, Dr. Johannes Fuss, Professor Robert Otto, Dr. Hirofumi Tanaka, Dr. Peter Kokinos, Dr. Marilyn Moffitt, and Director Brian Fard. A big thanks to Joseph Lavelle Wilson and the Zuckerman family. Science Versus is a Spotify Studios original.

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