Is a Museum Just a Trophy Case? (Update)

Stealing and Returning Art

0:00Hey there, it's Stephen Dubner. We are currently replaying a three-part series we made a few years ago called Stealing Art is Easy, Giving It Back is Hard. As part of this update, we have refreshed facts and figures as necessary, and in this episode, we've included some new material. This is part two of the series. Last week, we began with a simple question. How do the artworks and artifacts that you see in a museum wind up in a museum? For a long

0:34time, the entire art world didn't ask questions. The Met got fooled by not probing deeply enough into the purported history that was given to us. Guess what? My kids know it's looted. But the museum world is changing. Museums are now returning dozens of objects every single year. It's like Olympic Games for restitution. Even though technically we legally

1:05acquired these, the origins of the acquisition was illegal. So therefore, everything else was tainted as well. Today on Freakonomics Radio, we will explore one dramatic case that isn't settled yet. The disruption of the attack on the kingdom cannot be overemphasized. Most important pieces went directly to the British Museum. They even took the bolts from the doors. It turns out that stealing art can be relatively easy, but giving it back? That's the hard part.

1:39The job is to purify yourself by getting rid of the art. Yeah, put it in a pit. Melt it. The second episode in our series about returning art starts right now.

2:00This is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything, with your host, Stephen Dubner.

Tracking Down Trafficked Antiquities

2:14Matthew Bogdanos is a former Marine colonel who now runs the Antiquities Trafficking Unit in the Manhattan District Attorney's Office. We met him in our previous episode. We do not, under any circumstances, want to denude New York of its cultural treasures. If it's legal, great, we should keep it. But if it's illegal, then it should go back to the country of origin. But how does that happen? If a museum or a private collector on Fifth Avenue has a 3,000-year-old

2:45treasure that is found to have been looted or otherwise stolen, the country of origin may not even exist anymore. So how does Bogdanos manage that? Every country treats these differently, but we have yet to have a country who hasn't just been over-the-top, appreciative, and extraordinarily gracious. We returned in antiquity to Iran. Wait a second. The U.S. doesn't have diplomatic relations with Iran. What do I care? I'm not a politician. We returned a piece to the Palestinian Authority. Now move the map to Southeast Asia.

3:21India, Thailand, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Pakistan. For that area of the world, these antiquities are idols. They're worshipped. And the number of times I have gone into a temple in India, in Southern India particularly, and it's empty. And they're still worshipping the empty pedestal. Or they have a photograph of an idol that was stolen. Or they have a wax or wooden model. And now this goes in someone's Fifth Avenue apartment? Get the hell out of here. I mean,

3:52are you kidding me? So we never lose sight of the fact that at the other end of our entire process, the prosecution, recovery, and repatriation, there's a community on the other side. Bogdanos makes all this sound rather clear-cut. And that makes sense. He is a prosecutor. He's guided by the law. And the law, while complicated, is also decisive. It declares a winner and a loser. Legal possession or illegal possession. But art is even more complicated than the law.

4:27Art is a place where our deepest spiritual values meet the marketplace. So that causes all kinds of questions. I mean, how do you put a price on art? People do. It's a vast marketplace. And strange things happen when you mix the most spiritual with the most commercial.

The Complications of Ancient Theft

4:45That is David Frum, a staff writer at The Atlantic. In 2022, he published a piece called Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art? It's one thing when, you know, there's a war in Ukraine and the Russian forces break into a museum in a Ukrainian city and they take the artworks and they put them in crates and they take them back to Russia. And then the war ends five years later and there's a peace treaty. That art, we know where it came from. It had a possessor. The possessors are still alive. They are institutions that still exist. And we can arrange for the art to come back from Russia

5:17to the museum in Ukraine from which it was taken. But when we're talking about lapses of 100, 200, 500 years, the whole concept of theft becomes kind of cracked. The second most famous Greek artwork in a European museum is the Pergamum Altar in Berlin, which is unearthed by German archaeologists. Pergamum was a city on the west coast of what is now Turkey. The artists who made the work were Greek. The king who commanded the work was of mixed Greek and Macedonian origin.

5:49And the taxpayers who paid for it spoke all the mingled languages of what was then Asia Minor, Anatolia, and some of them were Semitic and some of them were other vanished groups. So who gets it? Turkey? Greece? Macedon? Syria? Because that's probably the place that is closest to the culture of the people who paid the taxes. I mean, it's gone. That world is gone. So there is no one to give it back to. It's just an illusion.

6:14I went back to Matthew Bogdanos, the prosecutor, with David Frum's argument. Now, there are those who would say that your position is noble but naive in that you are putting a physical piece of property into the hands of someone who may be a generation or 10 generations removed from the origin, from either the creator or the owner. And there are a number of ways that could be problematic. Those pieces might be sold into the black market, wind up in the palace of some Gulf state prince or a Chinese or

6:46American billionaire. So how do you think about those potential bad outcomes? Let's see. I've been in three wars. I've had six combat tours. I'm a career homicide prosecutor. No one has ever actually called me naive before.

7:01You're welcome. I've seen mass graves in Kosovo and Iraq. So no, I'm not naive. I recognize the world. And that's where I get to say to you, we're not the Acme Judgment Company. We don't get to pick and choose. We have a burglary in the Upper East Side. This person has 19 televisions and 18 of them are stolen. When we catch the guy, do we get to say, you have 19, you don't need them back. We're going to keep them or we're going to give them to other people. That's not how that works. All right. And if our victim

7:33is a country whose political regime we don't particularly care for, tough. We actually have a very good relationship with the countries that we operate with on our level. So I'm talking about the Ministry of Culture or the Ministry of Antiquities. We actually require that these countries sign a document at the repatriation ceremony promising that they will maintain the

8:05antiquity that's being returned and, wait for it, publicly display it. And is that document enforceable? Is it legally enforceable? Almost certainly not. But here's how it's enforceable. The next time you have an antiquity from that country that's looted and you call me, am I really the person you want to piss off? Do you really want to say, I know we promised Colonel Bogdanos and the Manhattan DA's office that we're going to maintain this and we're going to publicly display it. But you know what? Forget that. Oops. And the next time we have

8:38an Iranian antiquity, Mr. Minister, I'm so sorry. Believe it or not, these countries really honor these requests. In India, particularly, it's really heartwarming. They will send us videos of the community receiving their idol back. And I'm telling you, it's insane. Like 50 people screaming and yelling and singing and chanting. And they're holding this, you know, 150 pound idol up over their heads as they march it into the temple. We've had these things in Cambodia. We see these

9:12ceremonies in Egypt. It's followed from the plain right to its resting place in the museum in Cairo or in Lebanon. We have ongoing relationships across the globe with all these countries. It's in their best interest to honor their agreement with us. So we are not returning stuff that is then getting put on the market or being put in storage rooms. If you were looking for the single most interesting case

The Story of the Benin Bronzes

9:43of returning art or restituting or repatriating art, as various people call it, I would nominate the case of the Benin bronzes. Although that name is a bit misleading. Some of the pieces are indeed made from bronze, but many are not. And while there is today an African country called Benin, just west of Nigeria, the bronzes came from the historic kingdom of Benin in what is now Edo State in southern Nigeria. In any case, the Benin bronzes are a massive collection of art, artifacts, and

10:17religious objects that have been displayed for years in more than 160 museums around the world, including the Smithsonian in the U.S., the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, the Kelvin Grove in Glasgow, and especially the British Museum in London, which is the motherlode of Benin bronzes, and which plays a starring role in our story. The British Museum is surely one of the world's great museums. Some people consider it the greatest, especially for antiquities. But others

10:49consider it, how shall we say this, a trophy case for the spoils of war. Here, putting it far better than I ever could, is the English comedian James Acaster. A long time ago, everyone in Britain got in a big old boat, and we robbed, and this will sound far-fetched, everyone in the world. And we got all the swag, didn't we? And we took it back to old Blighty, and we hid it, this is the clever part, we hid it in a museum. Now, a few of you are sitting

11:24there, I can see your angry faces, like, so what? Fighters keepers, shut up! Hey man, a while ago, a lot of your ancestors stole loads of stuff from my ancestors? Yeah, I'm here to take them home. Let's write this wrong. What do you say? I don't think so! We're still looking at it!

11:44How true to history is James Acaster's version? Let's find out by doing what we usually do, which is calling up the academic experts. Hi, so my name is Professor Dan Hicks. I work at the University of Oxford as a curator at our Anthropology Museum, the Pitt Rivers Museum. Okay, so where does this story begin? Yeah, okay, so if we wind back to 1884, and Berlin, and the meeting of the European nations

12:15in the Berlin Congress. This is where they sit down with a map of Africa and say, you get this, I get that, that kind of thing. Exactly, exactly. And so what is now Nigeria was part of the pink area for the British, but not part of empire at that point, and not turning them into colonies at that point. There are other entities, there are protectorates, there are areas controlled by the companies, in this case, the Royal Niger Company. The Royal Niger Company was a trading firm that essentially served as an arm of the British

12:46government. So we have to imagine this as a corporate and militarist form of empire. And really, this is all about the palm oil. It's about the rubber industry. In 1892, the Royal Niger Company signed a trade treaty with the Oba, or King of Benin. Within just a few years, it was decided that the Oba wasn't as cooperative as Britain would have liked, and they sent an expedition to Benin to work things out, headed up by one James Phillips.

13:19Things didn't work out at all. The group was attacked, and Phillips and most of his men were killed. The British response was what came to be known as a punitive expedition. And of course, it's one of so many other expeditions that happened in these late 90s years. This expedition to Benin involved 10 Royal Navy ships and 1,400 soldiers armed with the recently invented Maxim machine gun. The Benin defenders had machetes, pistols, and muskets. The British

13:51forces had no trouble taking the Kingdom of Benin. They massacred the population, burned the city. They captured the Oba and sent him into exile. The disruption of the attack on the Kingdom cannot be overemphasized. That is Victor Ihamenor. I'm an artist and a writer from Nigeria. Ihamenor is from Edo State, the historic location of the Kingdom of Benin. He is one of the artists who represented Nigeria's debut in the Venice Biennale in 2017.

14:25They kind of created a vacuum for us, you know, by removing an entire people's history. This is what we would consider our library. A visual library for that magta was completely razed down, and what they didn't burn, they looted. That's right. What the British didn't burn, they looted. Thousands of objects from the ceremonial halls of the Oba. These included bronze and brass relief plaques that told the story of hundreds of

14:55years worth of Benin history. Commemorative brass heads that had adorned the shrines of royal ancestors. They took carved ivory tusks, coral beads, brass bells, figures and gaming boards, even household items like flasks, cups, bowls, spoons, salt shakers. The Western colonizers were kleptomaniacs. They stole hairpins. They stole keys to the doors in the palace. And where did all this loot go?

15:25In the 19th and 20th century, there were four European countries accumulating African art. It was France, the UK, Belgium and Germany. That is Bénédicte Savoie, a French professor of art history at the Technical University in Berlin. As for the Benin plunder? Most important pieces went directly to the British Museum, but the rest has been sold on the art market

15:57and the art market around 1900. It's the best time for the art market. You know, Picasso is a very young guy. All these avant-garde are interested in African art and the art market in Europe made a lot of money with all these objects. And the richest museums at that time in Europe were the German museums, because German was a Reich now. And if you are a Reich, an empire, you need a museum. It was

16:27absolutely normal in Europe at that time to have huge museums in the capitals of empires, like British Museum, etc. So the Germans said, OK, we have only Comaroon, Tanzania, Togo and Namibia. Right now, I'm led by things from Benin City, this very, very important, beautiful culture. And they bought a lot of bronzes, 600s, only in Berlin. Within weeks of this attack, the bronzes were on display in London, Oxford, Berlin and elsewhere.

17:05And they were displayed, if we go back to the British Museum, they were displayed in the Assyrian Saloon alongside objects from ancient Egypt, objects from the Bronze Age, from the ancient Near East. So the narrative was absolutely obvious. We have blown your culture back into the Bronze Age. This is a dad's culture. I'm not sure the narrative is as absolutely obvious as Dan Hicks says. Still, the British

17:36Museum has been for a few centuries now, a physical archive of one nation's enthusiasm for conquest and empire building. That era, as you know, is long gone. And yet, the evidence, even the bloodiest evidence imaginable, like the Benin bronzes, is still proudly on display. This is the Clever Pop. We hit it in a museum.

18:04After the break, who is in favor of returning the Benin bronzes to Nigeria? And who's against it? I'm Stephen Dubner. This is Freakonomics Radio. We'll be right back.

Colonial Violence and Restitution

18:22We've been speaking with Dan Hicks, a professor at Oxford. So I think I'm the world's first, well, I am the world's first professor of contemporary archaeology. And what is contemporary archaeology? I mean, it's tautological in some ways, but I think it underlines something really important about all archaeology. Archaeology, in some ways, is the inverse of history. So in this case, in terms of the thing that we're talking about, the idea that empire, you know, actually isn't over. It's here with us in the present. It's here with us in locations that include our museums.

18:56Hicks, remember, is also a curator at Oxford's Pitt Rivers Museum. As a part of my work there, we are responsible for one of the larger collections of the Benin bronzes. I know there was a tweet sent out in 2015 by a grassroots student movement. It said the Pitt Rivers Museum is one of the most violent spaces in Oxford. Tell me your response when you first saw that tweet. You know, I heard at that point, I'd simply never seen it that way. I mean, this is one

19:27of those, you know, marmalade dropping moments of your career, right? You're halfway through your breakfast and, oh, right, let's think this through. So for me, it's all about learning from a new generation. I mean, I'm now 50 years old and it's the people who are in their 20s who are reading this material so differently and are showing us things that have been sitting in plain sight for so long.

19:56As Hicks began to think things through, as he puts it, his views shifted and hard. Today, he has a zeal that may remind you of a religious convert. Consider the book he published in 2020. It's called The Brutish Museums, The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence, and Cultural Restitution. Here is a typical sentence. The sacking of Benin City in February 1897 was an attack on human life, on culture, on belief, on art, and on sovereignty. In just a few years, Hicks had

20:29become a flag bearer for the movement to repatriate the Benin Bronzes to Nigeria. Nigeria, by the way, had been trying to reclaim the Bronzes since the 1930s. They began asking more insistently after gaining independence from Britain in 1960. But not much happened. In 2010, a consortium of Western museums joined a few Nigerian institutions to form the Benin Dialogue Group. The idea was to establish a new museum in Benin City, Nigeria that would display the bronzes once the Western

21:04museums decided to return them. But once again, not much happened. Until, as it turns out, the year 2020. As David Frum wrote in his Atlantic article, the George Floyd protests of 2020 jolted the group into hyperactivity. It might seem strange that the murder of a black man by a white police officer in America would trigger a global sentiment to return art looted from Nigeria by Britain some 130 years

21:36earlier. Or maybe not. The parallels were, as Dan Hicks might say, hidden in plain sight. Here again is Bénédicte Savoie. Now, today, in the 21st century, France, the UK, Belgium, and Germany are, yes, like Olympic games for restitution. They are fighting for, or they are struggling in order to be the first to restitute important collections. Savoie herself has played a significant role in this restitution drama. In 2017,

22:11French President Emmanuel Macron visited several former French colonies in Africa. Like the British, French colonizers had sacked and looted their way through sub-Saharan Africa and sent home thousands of treasures that are still on display in French museums. During a speech at a university in Burkina Faso, Macron said, I cannot accept that a large part of cultural heritage from several African countries is in France. Savoie, who was already sympathetic to returning African art, wrote an article calling

22:48Macron's speech a revolution. And Macron promptly appointed Savoie, along with the Senegalese economist Felwin Saar, to push the revolution along. Savoie and Saar visited museum directors and government officials in four African countries, and they wrote a nearly 200-page report that Macron apparently found so persuasive that he immediately promised to restitute thousands of objects to the country of Benin and to loan money to build a new museum there. But returning a massive collection of art

23:24and artifacts so weighted with history is not simple. Critics said the report was too ambitious and too academic to be realistic. Furthermore, French law prohibits the removal of artwork from public collections, at least for the time being. The British Parliament had similarly passed laws making it hard to de-accession works from their public museums, although recent legislation has given museum trustees more leeway. At the moment, several museums in several countries have at least begun the process of repatriating

23:59African art. And I think the most competitive tandem is between Germany and France right now. What's in it for them? What do they gain by restituting? It's difficult to say, but it's obvious that the restitution has something to do with soft power, with soft diplomacy. You are speaking about art, about beauty, about emotions, but in the same time, you are doing something like, I show you that I am confident in your ability to protect your own

24:36cultural heritage, or let me build a museum for you with my money, or something like that. It's not only about moving objects from A to B, or from B to C, etc. It's about a new art of relationship with these countries. And for France, France has a very, very bad reputation in the former colonies in Senegal, in Mali, in Burkina Faso, in Cameroon, etc. And I think Emmanuel Macron tried to do what he can

25:11in order to repair this very bad reputation. So, okay, in the restitution Olympics, as you put it, France and Germany are fighting to be number one, which, knowing those two countries and their complicated histories and their current political situation, maybe doesn't surprise me so much. But the UK, well, I guess the UK is variegated. There's some restitution going on. But from what I can tell, the British Museum is not particularly

25:41interested in restituting and not even talking about restituting. Yes, it's very strange, because in the 70s and 80s, the UK was the motor of the discussion with Ghana, with Nigeria, and you had very important stakeholders in Oxford and Cambridge fighting for restitutions, and also very normal people writing letters to the Times saying, we need to have better relations to Ghana, for example. And now, I think you're right, the British

26:15Museum, the state museums in the UK are very reluctant to speak about these topics. They are observing the situation very carefully, like, you know, like an animal observing a very difficult situation before he know what to do. And I can understand it, because as you say, the British Museum is a trophy of war, like all museums. Museums have a golden face and a very dark face. And we are used to know

26:49only the shiny face, the sunny face. And I think for a museum like the British Museum, if they will tell the truth about the history of collections, it would be so disgusting that it would be the end of the British Museum. Not the end because it would be empty, but the end because it's so disgusting that nobody will be very comfortable with visiting such a museum.

27:18The British Museum is a member of the Benin Dialogue Group, and they've given a few million dollars toward a proposed museum in Nigeria. But as for their plans to legally and or physically return their Benin bronzes, that's hard to say. Oxford's Dan Hicks has become perhaps the loudest voice of those scolding the British Museum to change their ways. This position is possible in part because his museum, the Pitt Rivers, recently declared it will work to return the nearly 100

27:50Benin objects in its collection. And how many Benin objects does the British Museum own? That too is hard to say. We still don't know how many objects are in the British Museum from 1897, and all these other institutions don't have inventories because of years of underfunding and lack of investment. So many of these are hidden away in the storerooms. This is a story about what's in the storerooms, not about what's on display. In Paris, we have 69,000 objects from Africa in the Musée du Quai Branly, and only 1,000 on display.

28:27So 68,000 are invisible. That's a scandal. And the question is, why? Why? No museum in Europe is able to explain why it is so important to have all this accumulation of African art in their basement. When we made this series in 2023, the British Museum declined our requests for an interview. The following year, the museum got a new director, Nicholas Cullinan, and he took a different

28:59approach, inviting me for an interview and a museum tour. You can hear that whole conversation in an episode we made called, Can a Museum Be the Conscience of a Nation? Episode 635. And here's a portion of that conversation where I asked Cullinan about the ongoing debate around the Benin bronzes. The basic issue is there's an act of parliament from 1963 that expressly forbids the British Museum from deaccessioning its collection. A lot of American museums, it's regular practice

29:31to deaccession from the collection. And there's an argument for being able to do that, I understand, which is to keep your collection manageable. In Britain, deaccessioning is basically forbidden. What that means is that often you end up with collections where they become very large. But there's a principle that these things have been acquired for the nation. They're owned by the people of Britain, and therefore it's not the museum's right to sell them. I love that path that you're on with the British Museum. But the reason it's always been a frustrating argument to encounter is it just seemed like a ridiculous fig leaf to me. These are just laws

30:06passed by members of parliament. There's still a parliament which has the ability to pass new laws. I don't understand why that's clung to as if it's some natural physical law. I'm not clean to it. It's important to state it because otherwise people might be under the misapprehension that it's our choice or it's our decision, basically. It would take an act of parliament. There isn't a legal framework for us to just do this in a straightforward way. I could spend my entire directorship trying to fight this and get nowhere. You have to also think really carefully about the ramifications. Thinking back to when the pandemic began,

30:38the big anxiety was that lots of small museums across the UK would be forced to sell like the one star painting they had. There was huge anxiety and concern that this was going to trigger a wave of disposals. So I think a saner way around it is to begin collaborating now, which we already do, but to actually do even more of that. I asked Dan Hicks to summarize the arguments he's always heard

31:12about why museums might not repatriate the Benin bronzes. It's the what if. You know, it's the what if. If you give back the Benin bronzes, they'll be sold on the open market. If you give back the Benin bronzes, there'll be a war and they'll be damaged by bombs. If you give back the Benin bronzes, they're not going to care for these objects well enough. There won't be inventories done. In reality, all those things that those myths say might happen if they're given back, every one of them has happened to the Benin bronzes

31:47here in the UK. Even the British Museum has sold off objects that were taken in 1897. OK, there might be a war one day in Nigeria. In the Second World War, Hull Museum and also Liverpool Museum were bombed in the Blitz, and there were Benin bronzes that were burst into fragments by Nazi bombs. So all those things that the civil servants invented might happen if you return them actually did happen, but they happened here in the UK.

32:17When you listen to people like Dan Hicks and Benedict Savoie and earlier Matthew Bogdanos, you may get the sense that repatriating looted art is a fairly simple matter. Until, that is, you ask a couple basic questions. Like, to whom exactly are these pieces being returned? And what exactly will become of them? Here again is David Frum, author of the Atlantic article, Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art.

Competing Claimants in Nigeria

32:52When this issue really erupted in 2020, I was caught off guard by some of the simplicities that were being propounded. And I went to Nigeria, a place I'd never visited, in order to do some reporting to reveal some of the real complexities that people need to think about if they're going to think about this issue as a serious issue. Frum grew up in Toronto, where his parents were avid collectors of African art. Much of their collection is now in the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto.

33:22And I've spent a lot of my life in and around the collecting world, although I am myself not at all a collector. And why does he think the repatriation of Benin bronzes is more complex than some people say? They say, well, give it back to Nigeria. And the problem is, what is Nigeria? Because what I document in the article is that there are at least three major claimants inside Nigeria to these artworks. There are some minor ones, too, but there are three big ones. And you can't toss it into the middle and say, OK, go scramble.

33:53Those major claimants are a proposed Museum of West African Art in Edo State, the National Commission for Museums and Monuments, and the current Oba of Benin City, Eware II, who is a descendant of the Oba who was exiled by the British in 1897. And so when you choose one of those three claimants, you are making a moral decision. You have to accept it and you have to bear it. So the first claimant to the Nigerian pieces, and this is the idea that

34:25got the most excitement and really revived this in the West, was this proposal for a public-private partnership of state-of-the-art modern museum with integrity and an independent board that was proposed by the governor of the state, although he himself would not be directly involved. Really impressive people, Nigerian business leaders, some international people, and they would run the museum. It's had a variety of names, but it would be an independent museum of West African Art in Edo State in what is now Benin City. This is the future museum that European donors have been contributing to. It would be built

34:57on the historic site of the Kingdom of Benin. If you've been following the story and you've seen pictures in the papers drawing of a beautiful looking modern building, that's the project you've read about. It's going to be just what a museum should be. And one of the things I describe in the article is how that dream met Nigerian reality and was destroyed by Nigerian reality. That reality, says Frum, is a conflict between Edo State and the current Oba of Benin. He doesn't have political power, but he has enormous spiritual and religious authority

35:28within his kingdom. And he says, these pieces belong to my family and I want them returned to me. And I have an idea for a royal museum, which I will own and control. Frum writes a longstanding feud between the Oba and the current governor of Edo State. Their families are historic rivals dating back to around the time of the British punitive expedition. So Frum thinks the museum project is doomed to fail. I mean, I hope it does not fail because I think it's a beautiful thing and I really admire

35:59the people who are involved in it. But major projects like this that are associated with an individual governor in a Nigerian state tend not to outlast that governor. Governor Obaseki's time is limited and there's no indication that a successor is going to be interested in this. And he also is fighting against the Oba of Benin. And everyone I spoke to, and I spoke to a wide variety of people from many different walks of life and churches and political systems agreed if there's a contest between the governor and the Oba, the Oba is going to win. Back in 2023, the Nigerian government announced that all artifacts must be delivered to the Oba

36:36of Benin. The project to build a museum of West African art in Edo State has stalled. The Benin bronzes that have been returned to Nigeria from other European art institutions instead made their way to the Benin City National Museum. Frum points to another complicating factor that the European proponents of repatriation don't talk about. The Benin art is not innocent. The Benin art is itself a monument to guilt. We call it the Benin bronzes, but they're not actually made of bronze in most cases. Almost all of them are made of brass.

37:11So the way they got the brass was they traded for it. What did they trade? Well, Benin grew a particular form of pepper that was very popular with Europeans in the 1400s and 1500s, and they made textiles. They exported some ivory, but they especially exported slaves that they had captured and that they used to build the wealth and power of their kingdom. They sold them to the Portuguese who then trafficked these people to giant sugar plantations. The Benin kings were slave sellers. That's how they got the brass that they turned into art. So there's no innocence here. The story of humanity until

37:44we reach the modern age where we can substitute knowledge for human labor and can make wealth out of the air is one of tremendous oppression of most people. And that's true for every power holder who had the wherewithal to command art. So we can't reinvent innocence. We all have to accept history as it is. And then we have to, starting now, make our moral decisions based on the choices that are actually available to us. And Frum thinks that in their rush to undo the sins of the 19th century, today's repatriation

38:14advocates haven't thought through all the implications. Look, I think a lot of people want to do good. That's a very laudable and wonderful impulse. The danger is, as you do good, do you catch that little glimpse of yourself in the mirror and think, boy, I look good when I'm doing good. And the moment that thought enters your brain, the whole enterprise becomes a little different. That's what I worry about. Look, if you possess valuable artifacts or if you control valuable artifacts, you have a form of power. And power

38:49can never be exercised with perfect innocence in this guilty world. So you must use your power responsibly, knowing everything has a tragic story. If you were advising the British Museum on this issue, what would you say? I would advise them, this is not a great moment to make this decision. This may be a decision for your successor. When you have an object that is 500 years old, I think one of the questions you need to ask yourself is, why do I need to make a decision today? This object will be here 50 years, 100 years from now. If I don't see a good answer today, I can have confidence that my children or

39:25grandchildren, they may see a good answer tomorrow. So you don't choose a bad answer because you have to hurry, hurry, hurry to dispose of this 500-year-old object. Sometimes you say, let's just wait until there is a good answer. Now, to that argument, a counter-argument could be, and I've heard this counter-argument from pro-repatriation people, is that, so what? It doesn't matter. These are stolen goods. And the very least you can do is return them to someone related to or someone affiliated with the survivors of

39:56those from whom they were stolen. Yeah, I hear that argument a lot, too. And it's associated with, above all, a curator named Daniel Hicks, who works at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, England. It doesn't matter, as you say. Just give it back. Who cares what happens to it? Well, then why not burn it? If the job is to purify yourself by getting rid of the art, put it in a pit. Melt it. Or why not sell it to a Russian oligarch and use the money to fund British schools or British healthcare services? If the goal is deaccession, there are a lot of ways of deaccessioning it. You cannot abdicate your

40:29response. You inherited this thing, whatever its provenance. Art lasts a long time. The great pieces of Benin are mostly made between about 1450 and 1650. They've outlived people, kingdoms, civilizations. And they come with their own obligations of continuity with whoever happens to own them in any given particular moment.

40:51When the British took these works in 1897 and they brought them to Britain, I don't think the right away knew exactly what they were going to do. Victor Ihamenor again. This is 125 years of history that people want us to sort overnight. There was an entire British government at the time took an axe to a particular kingdom. Now that we are trying to rectify that history, I think there will be some, you know,

41:23elbowing and pushing. I don't particularly see that as a problem. I mean, corruption in government is not peculiar to Nigerian government. So I think that, yes, there have been like issues of where is the work going to go? Is it going to go to the palace? Is it going to go to government of Nigeria? You have to realize when this thing happened, there was no Nigeria. 1897, there was no Nigeria. It was just Benin Kingdom. There was no Edo State. It was just Benin Kingdom. I think that the world or whoever the critics are need to give a little bit of room because we just

41:53started having these works back. We have been asking for works to be restituted over decades now. And suddenly they woke up. Some of the institutions woke up and they say, OK, we are ready. Let's go. Right. And yes, now that they have agreed that they are going to return this work, I think that people need to give us a little bit of space to decide how we want to structure these things on our own end. After the break, what did Ihamenor think when he first saw the Benin bronzes in captivity in the

42:27British Museum? And we go see the bronzes ourselves, or at least try to. I'm Stephen Dubner. This is Freakonomics Radio. We'll be right back.

Viewing the Bronzes in London

42:46I would say I started making art quite early, as far back as I was like four years old. That, again, is the Nigerian artist Victor Ihamenor. I have good memory of drawing in sand and drawing on the walls in my grandfather's very expensive compound. Also, I grew up in a home that has one of the earliest photographers in that part of the country. My uncle, who is 90 years old, is a photographer that studied at the Institute of Photography in New York in the early 60s. I realized that for you to create images and have people

43:22reflect upon what they are seeing was quite powerful. So I never stopped. Today, Ihamenor splits his time between Lagos, Nigeria, and the Washington, D.C. area. I still remember that day very clearly when I first visited the British Museum, which was in 2017. I was preparing for an exhibition, a solo exhibition in London, called In the Kingdom of this World. I got in there, you understand. Now I was emotionally charged to see these works.

43:52It's not like I've not seen some of the bronze heads before, maybe in books and stuff like that. The British Museum's Benin bronzes are situated in a basement wing, along with the rest of the African collection. Many of the objects had a ceremonial or religious purpose, funerary masks, for instance. A funerary mask is supposed to be buried with somebody that is dead. Why are you having it in your museum? Why would I go and preserve it if that is what it was meant for? Who told you

44:24it was supposed to be behind glasses and be treated? It's a funerary mask. There are also brass plaques that once adorned the pillars of the Oba's palace. Because Benin had no written language, the plaques were one of the chief repositories of the kingdom's history. They told stories, like storybooks. The way a graphic designer would illustrate a storybook is the way a Benin bronzemaker would illustrate an entire story. Before the British raid, there were over 1,000 plaques spanning hundreds of years of history.

44:57The British Museum owns nearly 200 of them. So when you're looking at some of these plaques, they are disjointed because it's like taking William Shakespeare's Macbeth or Hamlet. So you go to first act, you tear the page off. Then you go to the last act of Hamlet and you tear it off. Then you paste it on the wall and call it William Shakespeare. So if somebody is reading it, yes, you can read one piece. I mean, the sentences are nice.

45:28The phrases are great. You can quote from them, but it's not the entire story. Until you put the entire Macbeth on the wall, then you will understand the story at the magnitude of what has been done to a book like Macbeth. And, you know, after a while, I just got really emotional about looking at them all strung up there, just like being art for art's sake, which they were not. They have never been. The plaques were also meant to memorialize how certain rituals were performed. So we had that documentation in our plaques on how things would be done in that same way.

46:02Then some foreigners came and completely just yanked that whole history book and all of those things off the walls and then begin to string them together like they are beads, you know, bought in a cheap shop in Vegas. A few years back, when we first produced this series, we thought it would be a good idea to

A Locked British Museum Gallery

46:25check out the Benin bronzes for ourselves. Again, this was before the current director, Nicholas Cullinan, agreed to an interview and a tour. This time, we had no official invite. But we booked a flight for London and Dan Hicks, author of The Brutish Museums, agreed to meet us at the British Museum and give us a proper tour of the Benin bronzes.

46:50It was a damp and chilly Sunday morning, and we queued up with Hicks to go inside. I told Hicks that we had tried many times to interview a British museum official about the controversy over the Benin bronzes and the many other pieces in their collection that are considered contested objects. It's absolutely one of the defining features of what the British Museum is in the eyes of the public these days. You know, it's the jokes that won't go away. Why do they call it the British Museum if everything in it is stolen from other countries?

47:23When are they going to give it all back? It's really affecting the British Museum as a brand. In any other sector, if your brand was being so dominated by one issue that you were failing to address, you would want to do something about it other than just keep your head in the sand. That leads to, I guess, an obvious question. Why have they not? The playbook from 30 years ago is still very much the one being used by the press officers of our national museums. We're going to tough this one out. We're not going to feed

47:58the media on this issue. We'll keep quiet. We'll occasionally say very small things that changes the subject. We'll talk about the path and the marbles every time someone talks about the Benin bronzes. We'll talk about Easter Island anytime someone raises the path and the marbles and so on. The queue moved quickly and we got up near the entrance. As we were about to pass through the main gate, a security guard approached. He did not like the look of our microphones. Anything like this is an absolute flat no. So we really need to go to the press office.

48:31Okay. Stuff like this. We told him what we were doing, that we'd been trying for months to arrange a visit and or an interview with the British Museum, but that we couldn't even get our calls returned. So instead, we brought this nice professor with us to give a tour. So are you recording me right now? Yes. Right. You didn't tell me that, sir. I'm going to ask you to stop, please. Okay. All right. Yeah. Why are you doing that? So our recording equipment was taken from us. We were allowed to enter the museum without it.

49:01We would just have to record Dan Hicks's tour of the Benin bronzes on a couple of iPhones. We're going to go down into the sanctuary galleries, into the basement, right? I mean, they are not being displayed in the same way as, let's say, objects from ancient Egypt are. These African objects that we're going to be seeing are really controversial, you know, hidden away in the basement. Oh my God, look at this. Gallery closed.

49:32Hmm. They knew we were coming. They knew we were coming, didn't they? Room 25, Africa. All of Africa is down there, is it not? It is. It is. Closed today. But to be fair, the museum apologizes for any inconvenience. We asked a guard why the African gallery was closed. He said he didn't know. There was a sign announcing that a tour of the gallery would be starting soon, led by a volunteer. So we waited outside the roped off entrance. We got to chatting with a visitor from Scotland named Shirley Thompson,

50:08who had come to the British Museum with her husband, Ian, specifically to see the Benin bronzes. We came on Friday and it was closed. Yeah. We came today and it's closed again. So you came just to see the Benin bronzes. Why? I'm just curious. Because I'd never heard of them and I just started doing an open university course and Ben read about them. The facts, I think in Europe, we've got more in storage in Europe than the people have back. It blew my mind. Yeah. That was right. Now, what do you think of it being returned? Yeah, absolutely. I mean, of course. I mean, I didn't even know we had it.

50:41Oh. I didn't. I honestly... That even though we stole it. In case you didn't catch that, Ian said, even though we stole it. As we were chatting with the Thompsons, the sign announcing the upcoming tour of the African gallery had been swapped out. It turns out that the tour is cancelled. When did that get changed? Well, that was anticlimactic, wasn't it? We never were able to see the British Museum's massive

51:14collection of Benin bronzes. But next time on the show, we find another museum that's a bit more cooperative. Let's just hope there's nobody from our comms team spying on me. We'll also hear from the secretary of the Smithsonian, which has already returned its Benin bronzes to Nigeria. And we still haven't given up on the British Museum. Hello. Hello. How do you do? Would love to go to Africa with you. That's next time on the show. Until then, take care of yourself. And if you can, someone else too.

51:45Freakonomics Radio is produced by Renbud Radio. You can find our entire archive on any podcast app. It's also at Freakonomics.com, where we publish transcripts and show notes. This episode was originally produced by Morgan Levy and updated by Dalvin Abuaji. It was edited by Gabriel Roth and mixed by Jake Loomis. We had help in London from Rob Double in London Broadcast Studio and from Zach Lipinski. The Freakonomics Radio network staff also includes Augusta Chapman, Eleanor Osborne, Ellen Frankman, Elsa Hernandez, Ilaria Montenacourt, Jeremy Johnston, Pete Madden, and Teo Jacobs.

52:20Our theme song is Mr. Fortune by The Hitchhikers, and our composer is Luis Guerra. As always, thanks for listening.

52:32I wonder if I could volunteer to lead the tour. Once you've done the exams. We better get you credentialed. We only have 45 minutes for you to take the exam. Yes.

52:44The Freakonomics Radio Network. The hidden side of everything.