674. How Does a Composer Feel After the World Premiere?

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Wealth of Nations Premiere

1:10At the end of March, the composer David Lang debuted a modern piece of music set to a 250-year-old book, Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. It had four sold-out performances by the New York Philharmonic, conducted by Gustavo Dudamel.

1:47Last week on the show, we heard from Lang about the origins of the piece, and we sat in on a few rehearsals. We also attended one of the performances.

Audience Reaction

2:10Afterward, we spoke with some audience members in the lobby. I'm here on a band trip, and this was one of the activities, so yeah. I really like all of the crescendos and how it was all building up to a really big moment at the end. I think it actually speaks to what is most beautiful about humans, that we feel better when we help others. I think that's a beautiful, emotional, and pragmatic loop. This is the kind of piece the Philharmonic should be doing. It was also interesting watching Gustavo Dudamel up close.

2:41He was really into it. I mean, he was really inside the piece.

2:49The published reviews were also positive. Stacey Vanek-Smith, writing for Bloomberg, said that David Lang had shown that economics, often reduced to stock tickers and earnings reports, can in fact be profoundly human. And what about Lang himself? How did he feel about the first performances of his new composition? Well, he was pleased and proud, at least for a little while. Last week, I was a superstar. This week, I'm nothing.

Composer David Lang

3:18Today on Freakonomics Radio, the global economy has changed a great deal since Adam Smith, but the underlying lessons may be more pertinent than ever. There is a human dimension and a human cost to everything we do, and we need to wake up to that. The math and aftermath of Wealth of Nations, starting now. This is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything,

3:59with your host, Stephen Dubner.

Creating Wealth of Nations

4:00I caught up with David Lang about a week after the last of the four performances of The Wealth of Nations, and I asked what it felt like to work on a big new piece like this for years, and then hear it come to life, and then go away. There's always this post-experience depression. And the bigger the piece, and the bigger the triumph, the deeper the hole.

4:35But I mean, you have to feel it was a great success, no? I always go into these things thinking that the definition of success would be to come out and not have everyone think that I'm incompetent. Well, that's the way to set the bar low. I want to set the bar low because there's so many things that can go wrong, you know? And my music repeats a lot, so if you make a mistake, it could be like, there's 10 minutes of this mistake. And when you say a mistake, what would that actually be or sound like? And would we know? I'm not sure you would know, but I would know. If I orchestrated a chord wrong, or if I asked someone to do something that I ended up not liking,

5:11and it's really easy to make those mistakes. There are, you know, like a thousand little tiny detail things, and they really can affect how the piece feels to me. Maybe not to anybody else, because the piece didn't exist before. Nobody knows what it could have been. But I have a little checklist in my head of all the things that I might have done wrong. What was on that checklist? There's that movement that we talked about last time, the woolen coat, which I really wanted to make sure that it sounded as emotional and as full to everybody else

5:43as it did to me, singing it at home in my studio. And I was really happy that that worked out really well. The solo things, like I didn't know if having Fleur singing these arias with no accompaniment, if they would be so emotional. Lange is talking about the mezzo-soprano Fleur Baron. She was one of the two vocal soloists in Wealth of Nations, along with the bass baritone Devon Tynes. Here is one of the arias that Lange was thinking of. But in my heart, what I hoped would happen would be that all those changes of scale

6:24would end up kind of focusing what happened to our attention as we listened. But you should tell me what you thought. I mean, I've been living with this piece for years. You just heard it the first time. So I'd be very curious to know what you thought. I thought it was wonderful. I thought it was thought-provoking, but also totally engaging. It was deep, but accessible. There's a lot of different movements, obviously, and a lot of different emotions and a lot of different colors in the music.

6:54And you'll forgive me if I speak about music in a language that isn't quite the language of musicians or composers. But I found the music spiky and kind of punky at times, but also very delicate. I found the piece celebratory, but also mournful. I found it confident, but also seeking. And I found I walked out of there with a new appreciation for Adam Smith, which is not nothing because I had quite a bit of an appreciation for him and a pretty big appreciation for David

Artistic Process

7:29Lange. What's weird, you know, being a young composer, you try to learn things and figure things out and you're always aware of what you're trying that you've never done before. When you become an old composer, and I can say that as a senior citizen, you know things instinctively that you're not really paying attention to any longer. So these issues of pacing and depth, there are all sorts of really important things that I don't think about as intensely as I used to think about them. And I just trust that I will know how they work.

8:00And so for me, one of the really fun things was thinking that I was going to have an experience that had a particular shape, like this giant, enthusiastic Adam Smith stuff with a full orchestra at the beginning. And that gradually as the piece went on, it would taper down to these more personal American thoughts. And we would get someplace that would be, as you said, optimistic, but also kind of really trying to pay attention to what's going on around us. And I wasn't really sure that that was going to work. But for me, that's the thing that I was really satisfied with, the shape of the intellectual

8:34argument I was really happy with. I had a lot of fun being at rehearsals. And there were many things that really impressed me. First of all, I'm just blown away by how good the New York Philharmonic is and their singers, when I heard the first choral rehearsal and then the first orchestra rehearsal, it sounded so good, I thought, oh, well, everybody must have rehearsed a bunch before already together. But in fact, they haven't. It does seem like an absolute miracle that a person like you could sit in your studio in

9:07Soho for a bunch of years and write dots on the paper. And then one afternoon in March of 2026, 48 vocalists and then a whole bunch of musicians and a couple soloists get together and they turn this two-dimensional thing into not even three, like six. Part of my thrill of watching you get enmeshed in this and watching you get happier and happier during the course of rehearsals, part of it was about the mystery and the magic of that,

9:40honestly. And so when I say it was inspiring and moving, the piece itself was, but I guess I also see the creation of a thing like this representing something really good about humankind that we're able to do this. I love that you say that because I really think that that's what you heard during the rehearsal was you heard what's good in people. Everyone has their individual part. One of the things you do as a composer is you're actually writing a series of instructions

10:10for a hundred different people in this piece and everybody has their own instruction and they sit at home before the first rehearsal and they practice their own instruction. So they have an idea of what they're responsible for, but they have no idea if they're going to be able to make something good with someone else when they get together. And so the process of rehearsal isn't about them learning the notes. The process of rehearsal is them learning how to be a community that comes together to

10:44build this thing. So you, the composer, were there in the room for all the rehearsals. I'm guessing that for all the performers, the chorus, the soloists, the musicians, the conductor, that they're accustomed to playing music by dead composers at least 90% of the time, right? That's absolutely right. And you're, you know, unless something gone really wrong during rehearsals, you were going to be alive at the end of it. And I was very curious to see how un-diva-like you were.

11:15Both the conductor of the vocal chorus and then the conductor of the orchestra, Gustavo Dudamel, they would often turn to you and ask a question or defer to you, how do you like that? How's that sounding? Should we try this? What surprised me, I'll be honest, was how I'd say 99% of the time you'd give them a big thumbs up and say, beautiful, it's beautiful. And I wondered, did you really feel that way or was it somewhat strategic? Do you feel like your work is done and now if you start nitpicking, you're just going to make yourself a pain in the neck and therefore you're just going to be positive and encouraging

11:48like that? Or were you really feeling that? I think it's a little bit of everything. You know, I'd never heard the piece before either. If I had rehearsed with them for a month, I might actually be able to say, oh, this one note, can you bring it out a little more? I might have more specific comments, but I'm only able at that moment to take in the overall shape. But I also think they are really great and they are musical and their job is to take those notes that look like nothing on a piece of paper and they know how to breathe a certain

12:23kind of life into it. So even if they are not breathing the kind of life into it that I imagined, it already starts at a very enlivened space. And so I just got super happy from the whole thing. There was one moment on one day of rehearsal though, where Gustavo was asking for detailed notes about every movement. And this sent me into a little bit of a terror because I realized he was going to go, movement one, what are your comments? Then movement two, what are your comments? And then I realized I better have comments for movement three and movement six and whatever.

12:55So as he's fixing the things that I just pointed out, I quickly ran to my score and thumb through and I went, okay, I got to say something for movement five, right? I felt like then the pressure was on. It sounds as though you attended every performance, correct? I went to every rehearsal and every performance, yes. What was the experience like for you over the course of those four performances? Were you listening in the same way for the same things? I got very relaxed. I don't usually enjoy myself this much. The first night, the piece really felt like it was long.

13:27Not like it was too long, but I felt the massive quality of the piece. And every night it really felt like it got faster. Even though it didn't get faster, it's just I got used to the trajectory of the piece. And by the end, I couldn't believe that we were at the end already. The quality of the performance, not the musical quality, but what the players, the singers, and the soloists found in the piece changed a little bit every night. Some of the nights were much more emotional.

13:58And I thought that was really interesting. It's like they got to the point very quickly where everyone could make a great sound and could make the argument for the piece. But I think what happened those four nights of performances is that Gustavo is finding something different. He's bringing something out. He's looking at a different bunch of players in a particular moment to give them confidence and make them emerge. As I was watching rehearsals, I got to thinking and recognizing really how phenomenally expensive it is to produce something like this.

14:29A lot of people, a lot of real estate, probably not enough rehearsal for your taste, but still a lot of performances where there's no ticket sales and so on. And, you know, music like this today, as it was a couple hundred years ago, is really only possible because of patronage, because of wealthy individuals and institutions. And this piece has some harsh words for wealthy individuals and institutions. Did you ever feel that the piece was a little bit biting the hand that feeds it and pieces

15:00like it? First of all, I think it costs a lot of money in our society to do bad things, too.

15:08What's on your list of bad things? I think that list is very long. The idea that you might actually be able to take a bunch of money and do something for good, that doesn't sound like a bad thing. I really would hate to live in a world where all of the good and virtuous things have to be done very cheaply. I was sort of worried that maybe some of the board members would get mad at me, but actually several of the board members came up and thanked me. We're at a time right now where maybe there's such a division and a distance between the people

15:38who have billions and billions of dollars and actually control the world and the people who only have $400 million. I actually think the billionaires are trying to make the people who have $400 million feel really bad about themselves. So it could be that it is a time when there are actually things that we can say together for a large group of people about how money can be better spent. This got me to wondering how the New York Philharmonic spends its money.

16:08The Philharmonic, like the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Ballet, and all the other arts organizations at Lincoln Center, all the arts organizations everywhere really, are struggling with rising costs, falling ticket revenues, and let's call it unpredictable philanthropy. The Metropolitan Opera, whose annual budget is around $330 million, had been working on a partnership with the Saudi Arabian government that would bring in $200 million, but the Saudis just pulled out.

16:38The Philharmonic, with a budget of around $90 million, is in better shape, in part because they have just landed Gustavo Dudamel, who is a superstar, as its music and artistic director. The Philharmonic also has a new president and CEO, Matthias Tarnopolski, who has a longstanding friendship with Dudamel. The New York Philharmonic is on the cusp of a transformative new era.

New York Philharmonic

17:04I asked Tarnopolski to explain how the Philharmonic decides to invest in a big new piece like David Lang's Wealth of Nations. It makes sense, as we are approaching the 250th birthday of America, as an organization that is approaching itself almost 200 years, to think, how are we going to recognize this moment in not just American history, but global history through what we do, which is music. So that began a conversation with David, with Gustavo Dudamel, with my colleagues at the orchestra.

17:37And that led to David's pitch to us about something inspired by a great moment in musical history, cultural history, Handel's Messiah, and a great moment in economic and, let's not forget, literary history in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. Did you, for a moment, maybe, just think that was a crazy idea instead of a great idea? Are you kidding? I thought it was a crazy idea until I sat down and started hearing the rehearsals.

18:09I mean, really, I walked in here, and I say this with great love for David and my colleagues, like, what are we doing? The Wealth of Nations handles Messiah? But, you know, there's a lesson there, which we should remind ourselves. Trust the artists, because they know. David knows, and the musicians of the orchestra know, and Gustavo, and, you know, Devon Tynes, and Fleur Baron, and the fantastic chorus. They know. You were there, and you were struck by the awesome power of that piece of music.

18:41How many times did you see or hear part or all of Wealth of Nations? I heard four performances all the way through, and I loved every minute of every one. I thought it's a magnificent piece of music. And I was surprised by my response, because I really did think, how is this going to work? The music, beautiful. The choral writing, beautiful. The narration, the text, the approach to the text was really clear. I kept discovering new things. And in retrospect, I realized that the first half was the narration of Adam Smith's treatise

19:14through music, and then the second half was the effects. I want some bread. I need shelter. Oh, my goodness. I mean, it's so powerful, the second half, in light of the first. I mean, like, devastating. What it made me wonder is, especially since so much of the Philharmonic's revenues come from philanthropy and philanthropists, and those are often the kind of people who have the concentrated wealth that is being decried in a piece like this. How do you think about how some of your

19:50most generous patrons are hearing that? It was a searing indictment to our society today, that piece. But the people who give money to the New York Philharmonic in philanthropy, and for that matter, and tickets as well, care deeply about this enormous public and civic good that is this beautiful orchestra. They care deeply about their city. But I mean, were you concerned at all? Did any patrons come up to you after any of the four

20:23nights and say, you know, wonderful piece, Matthias. I'm always thrilled to be here. But boy, oh boy, did he lay into us. Nobody. Nobody. I was kind of ready for it. Look, people have their eyes open to what's happening in the world. If you look back at history, and you look at particularly turbulent times in history, and you look at the art from those times, you see that the artists were very often not just describing the turmoil of the moment, but seeing, you know, holding the mirror up to society in a

20:54way that just nobody else does. It is the writers and the poets and the musicians who get silenced when authoritarian regimes take hold. David Lang is a fearless, fearless artist, but he's not laboring under the conditions Shostakovich labored under, of great suffering, or Prokofiev. He's not fearing for his life. And I can't imagine how that impacts an artist, though I have a sense, listening to the Shostakovich symphonies and string quartets. So, if you had to summarize the theme or the message of David Lang's Wealth of Nations, all in,

21:30the music, the text from Adam Smith and others, the intensity of the writing and the performance, what is this piece saying to you? Things are not what they seem. Every word and act matters. There is a human dimension and a human cost to everything we do, and we need to wake up to that. Once awakened, do what then? Once awakened, don't accept the suffering of others as okay.

22:08We will be right back after the break. This is Freakonomics Radio, and I'm Stephen Dubner.

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Audience Response

24:43David Lang told me he was going through some post-premier depression after the New York run of his Wealth of Nations oratorio. Although, I'll be honest, he didn't seem depressed to me.

24:55Let's talk about the audience response. Tell me how it felt for you. I really didn't know what people would think. I thought I might get polite applause because I did spend a lot of time thinking about the libretto, and I thought there was something of a kind of essay-type narrative structure. Is that a good thing or a bad thing? That's a good thing, I think. It's kind of vaguely and indirectly making an argument that leads someplace. And it could be that people could appreciate it and like it and enjoy it and have

25:25a good time with the music and not feel roused by it. And people got very enthusiastic about it. I was really, really, really excited that people enjoyed it that much. I'm curious if you had any conversations with either people you knew or didn't know about Adam Smith's writings themselves, whether anyone said something like, wow, no idea that he circumscribed this idea this way or anything like that. I think the more people knew about Adam Smith, the more they came up and told me about things I missed or like, how come you didn't put in the pin factory? I never got anyone who came up and said,

25:59you know nothing about economics, which I was expecting. So I was really happy about that. Maybe those people just stayed away from me.

26:10When we published a Freakonomics Radio series on Adam Smith a few years ago, we interviewed Glory Liu, a political scientist at Georgetown and author of a book called Adam Smith's America, how a Scottish philosopher became an icon of American capitalism. When Liu heard that there was a new oratorio based on Wealth of Nations, she came to New York to see it. We caught up with her afterwards and asked if she thought that Lange had omitted any important parts of the book. Why wasn't there a piece on the digression on silver? Just kidding. Just kidding.

26:42This silver digression in Wealth of Nations is a long and data-heavy section of the book that even Smith fans find tedious. Glory Liu loved David Lange's Wealth of Nations. It exceeded all of my expectations. It was urgent and curious and dark and heroic and hopeful. I really did not expect to feel such a range of emotions. In her book, Liu argues that Adam Smith is often used selectively by the right, by the left,

27:15by free market evangelists and by their critics. Everyone wants a piece of Smith, but not everyone wants the whole Smith. She thought David Lange's piece avoided the usual traps. It's so easy to get a one-sided version of Smith, the one that most people are familiar with. And I bet the one that most people walking in these doors had the expectation they were going to hear. The triumphant story of the invisible hand of the market over the heavy hand of government, that self-interest is the universal force of human coordination. And yes, there are elements,

27:50right? But the fact that Lange was able to make that so much more complex, it wasn't a simple message. It challenged your preconceptions of who Smith is, what he stands for, what the concepts mean, and how these conversations evolve over time. Like, I was so blown away by it. What I really hope will happen is that people are going to have these really frank conversations about what they saw and what they encountered, and an interpretation of Adam Smith that they didn't know was possible. And I hope that that changes the conversation. I think that that's how

28:23change happens. You change the way people talk about an idea. You change the way people talk about the history of an idea. And you change the people who are included in that conversation.

Interpreting Adam Smith

28:34And here's another audience member. Her name is Tracy Fenton. I actually work in the finance industry. I thought it was incredibly moving, really moving. Fenton did object to a passage that was drawn from a courtroom speech by the socialist leader Eugene Debs.

28:58The big line about people who do absolutely nothing becoming millionaires, I can't say that's true. Being behind the scenes and knowing what the intelligent movement of money does for so many people. I'm a lot less black and white than I used to be. Fenton was also thinking about how a piece of music like this gets paid for. I can only assume how this was financed by benefactors who made their money in the finance world,

29:29or from their grandfathers who made their money in the finance world.

29:37I knew I wanted, from the beginning, I wanted to end with the Debs, because I felt like that's a strong pull. And that, again, is David Lang. It actually really helped me writing the piece. This is Movement 17's statement to the court. That's right. Which we should say, and I didn't know this, I was surprised to learn this, this was a piece you'd written about 15 years ago. Yeah, I wrote that piece a long time ago, and it's slightly cheating to stick old pieces into new pieces. I did have this debate after with family and friends. Oh, really? Whether it was cheating? Well, I brought it up, and I said, you know, I felt this movement was incredibly strong, powerful,

30:14interesting, dark. It was a lot of things. And I was saying to my friends and family, you know, I don't know how I feel about this, that one of the main components of this larger piece was a piece that David had written and had been performed years earlier. So does that feel lazy, like cheating, or is it more? Then we started to talk about your piece in relation to Messiah, and of course, Handel was a great reuser of pieces, as I'm guessing many other composers of that era were. And the consensus I'll have you know among my group of people was that,

30:46no, no, no, no, not lazy. This is what a writer does. You'll be happy to know I was the only naysayer there. I definitely was worried that people who knew that piece might think that it was a little bit of cheating. But I'm in my studio thinking my own thoughts, and this piece really is about me trying to figure out what I think and what I believe. And so it automatically is on some level in dialogue with everything else I've ever thought, and all the other music that I've already written. So it didn't seem that out of place to me.

31:18The idea of a finished piece is a more recent idea in music history, that something is done and we treasure it. You know, composers were very practical. So how do you feel? Because you have Eugene V. Debs saying, I am opposed to the social system in which we live. I believe in a fundamental change, but if possible, by peaceable and orderly means. Does that fit David Lang as well? Yeah, basically. I would like to have change happen peaceably. That would be really great. What kind of change?

31:48Oh, I don't know. I'm not a politician, so I don't want to even go there. What I tried to do in this piece was to make a piece where I wouldn't be telling you that there's one right way to answer that question. You almost got me to do it. You almost tricked me into saying what the right answer is. The reason I ask is that I believe, and I'm hardly the first person to believe, that especially in a time of chaos and partisanship and so on, it is often the artist who, from a very different vantage point,

32:21will say something, write something, paint something, that will make us all stand back and say, oh, I see, you really are holding a mirror up in a way that I wasn't able to. I suspect that deep down, you feel that way about yourself with this piece. I guess I feel like this is a kind of mirror, but music is not really about specific things. Music is about how we feel about things. When we talk about the community which is created by people who pass money

32:55from one person to the next, how do we feel about that? There isn't necessarily a way to change how that system operates until we deal with how we react emotionally to how that system makes us feel. And we try not to pay attention to it. We try not to pay attention to the life of the people who sell us things or the life of the people that we sell to. We think that everything is frictionless. We're trying to live more and more in a world where we never meet the people who take care of us.

33:29We never meet the people that we employ. The invisible hand is just taking care of it all. That's exactly right. And maybe that's not such a good thing. Maybe we need to pay attention to what all of those hands are contributing to each other. And if you do pay attention to all those hands, maybe you care about how those people live. Maybe you care about whether those people have enough money. Maybe you care about are their children being educated? Are they able to go to the hospital when they need to?

33:59Maybe there's a whole network of things that we are trying to keep ourselves from seeing. Coming up after the break, what happens to Wealth of Nations next? I'm Stephen Dubner. This is Freakonomics Radio. You can follow us in all the places that you follow things. We will be right back.

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36:23To what degree is your new Oratorio Wealth of Nations a, quote, religious piece?

Religion and Music

36:39When I think of Messiah, plainly it is a religious piece in that it's a religious tale and religious figures and so on. On the other hand, it was first performed in a music hall, not in a church. And the fact that it has lived on so long and in such a beloved way, to me, goes well beyond what we think of as, quote, religious music. I think any situation where you can imagine a better world is kind of like a religious or a substitute religious piece.

37:09That idea that we could have a better life than the life we are living, that's a very beautiful and, I think, necessary idea in order to live. I do think that that's something that religion has, but it's not the only place where you can find that message. But I do think that that's the message that's behind this piece, and I do think it's the message behind that book. I think The Wealth of Nations is Adam Smith's idea, not just a description of how things work and not just charting how things evolve, but it's his imagination about how everyone in the world gets along.

37:43I try to, in my studies, think of how what I learn can make me a better contemporary American. A lot of these ideas that I have about looking around and seeing hypocrisy and looking around and imagining a utopian world, you know, they're all things that come from reading the Bible and seeing how far away we are from a world we might possibly be in. Or imagining how living up to the standards that I think my religion and probably all religions hold for us might actually be useful, and why is it we don't live up to those standards that we profess for ourselves?

38:26On the other hand, you've read enough fiction and nonfiction and history to know that most utopian visions end very poorly in reality. Absolutely. This is where I think religion comes in and faith comes in, at least for me, is when you are exhorted as many times as we are to welcome the stranger and to be kind to the poor and to help people who need our help.

38:56We're exhorted so many times because the texts know that we are not actually doing this as much as we could be doing it. The first piece of yours that I heard was this piece called Just, which is, I was just taken aback by it. I found it unbelievably beautiful and sublime and mysterious. And it was a case of religious text set to music. So I wonder if you could talk about that. You mentioned that you are a religious person. What does that mean and how does that shape your relationship to religious texts that you set to music?

39:32I was raised in a moderately religious environment to moderately religious parents. These are Jewish immigrants to L.A., is that right? That's right. And I am myself, you know, intermittently religious, I would say. I go through periods where I get closer and farther away. What does a close period feel like? Well, I've gone through periods where I've, you know, kept completely kosher and I've gone through periods where I've gotten farther away. And do you study and go to shul and things like that? I have studied and I have gone to shul. I've never had a lobster. I've never had a pork chop. You know, there's certain things that are important to me. And I think that trying to understand my background is where my religious interest comes in. Not in the practice of being Jewish, but in trying to uncover what being Jewish could mean.

40:25If you had to describe the essence of Judaism as you've lived it and the way that it works its way into your work. And let's say you had to describe that essence while standing on one foot. Which is a very Jewish thing. Which is a very Jewish thing. What would you say? Do not do unto others as you would not have them do unto you. I think the thing that I've gotten out of all of my study and my religious background, such as it is, is that there are rules that you can imagine living by, that you can aim for.

41:02And with some work and effort and discipline and commitment, you might be able to achieve some of those. And some of those things may lead us into a better way of dealing with each other. So for me, I think my moral compass comes from things that I learned, or at least I think I learned from my religion. I would like to think that Judaism has prescriptions for how everyone in the world should live, not just Jews.

41:35It has prescriptions for how Jews are supposed to live with everyone else in the world. And I would think that those prescriptions that I have inherited are universal. And when I see them not universal, it creates a great rift inside of me. This piece of yours, Wealth of Nations, has 18 movements, and 18 happens to be a pretty significant number in Judaism. It represents the word chai, or life, alive, living. Is that a coincidence? Do a lot of your pieces have 18 movements, maybe?

42:07Not a lot of my pieces have 18 movements, but I definitely felt like when I got to around 16 or 17, 18 began looking pretty good. Okay, so for movement 18, the final section, you go back to the text of Adam Smith. This is after we've been hearing texts from Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglass and Maria W. Stewart and FDR. Walk me through this final movement, which is called The Very Simple Secret. I was so happy when I found this in The Wealth of Nations, because it really seemed like an essential statement of what you want out of your government and what you want out of your society.

42:47Here's the whole text of that movement. The secret, the secret, the very simple secret. The very simple secret. No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable. It is but equity that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people should have such a share of the produce of their own labor.

43:20However, the establishment of perfect justice, of perfect liberty, and of perfect equality is the very simple secret which most effectually secures the highest degree of prosperity to all. And to me, it was so powerful to see that because I had assumed that because of the way Adam Smith is talked about in our society now, when he comes up, that there would be an acceptance of winners and losers.

43:52That there would be an acceptance that society has inequality built in. And this seemed the opposite of that. It seemed like the acknowledgement that the people who do the work need to be treated fairly. I also liked that it had the word equity in it. I thought it was really important to say this word was important 250 years ago, and it was seen by someone who we revere. So it should still be a value for us. And how do you think about that still being a value today? On the one hand, the world is immeasurably more prosperous than it was 250 years ago.

44:28On the other hand, there's all kinds of inequity and other problems. So do you think we've demonstrably improved and we should be grateful for that and keep trying to do better? Or do you feel that we've somehow missed the lessons of history? Well, why shouldn't we always try to do better? I think the minute you imagine we have found the perfect system, when you imagine our constitution is frozen, when you imagine that we are living in some way that means we don't ever have to adjust or balance or negotiate, those systems become stalled and become misbalanced over time.

45:09So my piece doesn't end, you know, loud or grand or, you know, oppressively. It doesn't say money is good, let's all have more of it. It doesn't say money is bad, let's take it all away. It just ends with this very kind of humble thing that Adam Smith wrote about justice. So, David, what happens to this piece now? It's had its world debut. It was a success. The reviews are good. Even I gave it a really good review. Thank you.

45:40This piece will now live on for, you know, maybe a very, very long time, may be performed in many places, in many circumstances, may be interpreted, reinterpreted, will be received differently by people around the world. What does that feel like as the composer? It's just another layer of curiosity to see how people in another country will be interested or not interested in anything that happened in American history. It's going to be played this summer at the Aspen Music Festival, which is one of the co-commissioners, so that's very exciting.

46:10I'm hoping that it will have a nice life. One of the really weird things about these projects, to be honest, is all these people assemble and they work really hard and they put all their attention and love and care into these things. Because the relationships are really tight and powerful. And then the second the concert is over, everyone goes their separate ways. Do you feel you're world famous now? I wouldn't say that anyone in my field is famous. I've seen Philip Glass shopping in a grocery store with nobody seeming to notice him.

46:41And if he can get away with that, there's no one going to notice me. I feel like I'm at a level where I can tell people interesting and strange things that I might want to do and they might want to let me do them. I still have projects on my list that I've wanted to do for 30 or 40 years. Can you name one? I don't want to tell you because they're all just silly ideas and someone's going to hear a silly idea and go, well, I'm going to do that tomorrow. When it comes to silly ideas, I'm guessing that some listeners may think these past two episodes were a silly idea for a show that's supposed to be about economics.

47:20To which I would say, and I think Adam Smith would also say, everything is about economics, including how a composer like David Lang thinks about opportunity cost and sunk costs, even the price of attention. My big impression from speaking with Lang over these past couple episodes is how Adam Smith reached across the centuries and worked his magic on David Lang. You may remember him describing how he first approached adapting wealth of nations.

47:50He was looking for jokey themes like sheep and wondering how he would deal with the boring descriptions of factory work and currency exchange. But Lang was won over by a bigger and deeper idea that any given economy is a gigantic community that can only thrive with a fair amount of both cooperation and compassion. Smith criticized the concentration of power, whether in private firms or government. Lang also received this message.

48:22In one movement, he adapted text from a 1938 address by FDR called Message to Congress on Curbing Monopolies. As David Lang's lyric goes, If there ever are in this country people who are rich enough to own this country, then they will own it. I asked David Lang if or when a recording of Wealth of Nations would be made available to the public. He wrote back, I'm not sure if the New York Phil is planning to release a commercial recording of it.

48:53I have a meeting with them next week and I am going to beg them to. My thanks to David Lang for all the conversation and music. I'd love to know what you thought of these episodes. Our email is radio at freakonomics.com. Also, we recently put out an episode with Judy Faulkner, the founder and CEO of Epic Systems, the biggest player in electronic health records. And we asked you to name other founders or firms that have followed the road less traveled like Epic has.

49:23Here are some of the many names you sent in. Basecamp, Bob's Red Mill, Costco, DigiKey, Extreme Engineering Solutions, Marvin Windows, ProMega, REI, Ramsey Solutions, SAS Institute, and Schweitzer Engineering Labs. Coming up next time on the show, we will make the argument that playing games can be very, very good for you and for society. That's next time. Until then, take care of yourself. And if you can, someone else too.

49:54Freakonomics Radio is produced by Renbud Radio. You can find our entire archive on any podcast app. It's also at freakonomics.com where we publish transcripts and show notes. This episode was produced by Zach Lipinski with help from Augusta Chapman and Delvin Abawaji. It was edited by Ellen Frankman and mixed by Eleanor Osborne with help from Joseph Webster. Thanks again to everyone at the New York Philharmonic who helped with production, especially Dinah Liu, Caitlin Hurst, and Adam Crane. The Freakonomics Radio network staff also includes Elsa Hernandez, Gabriel Roth, Elaria Montenacourt, Jake Loomis, Jeremy Johnston, Mandy Gorenstein, Peter Madden, and Teo Jacobs.

50:32Our theme song is Mr. Fortune by The Hitchhikers, and our composer is Luis Guerra. As always, thank you for listening.

50:43I have to say I was very nervous when we started all of this because I thought you knew so much more about Adam Smith than I did, and you would point out all of the things I got wrong. The Freakonomics Radio network, the hidden side of everything.

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